Vertebrates Linnea Kirby, Michelle Duffy, and Adrienne Vergith-Hill

Vertebrate Evolution

Chordates notochord dorsal hollow nerve cord muscular post-anal tail pharyngeal slits or clefts deuterostomes

Craniates neural crest genetically complex pharyngeal clefts

What is a vertebrate? internal bony skeleton sub phylum of Chordata notochord evolved into spinal cord

Lampreys Oldest living lineage of vertebrates Live in marine and freshwater environments Parasitic to fish

Fish 3 Types o chondrichthyes  first lineage gnathostomes  cartilaginous  must constantly swim in order to survive o ray-finned fish  first lineage of osteichthyans  operculum (gill cover)  swim bladder  2-chambered hearts o lobe-finned fish  possibly predecessors of tetrapods

Amphibians first lineage of tetrapods amphibians means "two lives" found in damp habitats 3-chambered heart x

Amniotes have an amniotic egg amniotic egg has extraembryoic membranes o function in gas exchange o waste storage o transfer of stored nutrients to embryo o 4 membranes  allantois  amnion  chorion  yolk sac

Reptiles first lineage of amniotes have scales o needs to use its lungs for air exchange o waterproof barrier to prevent dehydration ectothermic 3-chambered heart

Reptiles cont. — Birds endothermic hollow bones o help with flight flight feathers - made out of same protein as scales 4-chambered heart

Mammals amniotes that have hair and produce milk 4-chambered heart 3 subgroups o monotremes  lay eggs  only found in Australia and New Guinea  don't have nipples o marsupials  higher metabolic rate  pouch o eutherians (placental mammals)  longer period of pregnancy  embryonic development in uterus

Humans bipedal hominoid with a large brain different than hominids

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