1. Vertebrates Chapter 34

2. Slide 2 of 19 4 Chordate Characteristics  1. Notochord  Long, flexible rod between digestive tube and nerve cord  NOT the spinal cord  2. Dorsal Hollow Nerve Chord  Formed from ectoderm  3. Pharyngeal Clefts (Gills)  Pouches along side of pharynx  4. Post-anal Tail  Do I need to explain this one?

3. Slide 3 of 19

4. Slide 4 of 19 Chordata NOT Vertebrata Classes  Cephalochordata  Lancelets  Urochordata  Tunicates

5. Slide 5 of 19 Vertebrate Classes  Agnathasomes  Fishes  Chondrichthyes  Osteichthyes  Amphibia  Reptiles  Birds  Mammals

6. Slide 6 of 19 Vertebrate Classes  Lampreys & Hagfish (Agnathostomes)  Oldest vertebrates  Jawless, parasitic, cartilaginous skeleton

7. Slide 7 of 19 Chondrichthyes  Cartilaginous Fishes (Chondrichthyes)  Cartilaginous skeleton  Sharks & Rays

8. Slide 8 of 19 Osteichthyes  Bony fishes  Bony exoskeleton  Swim Bladder

9. Slide 9 of 19 Amphibia  Frogs and salamanders  Gas exchange occurs across the thin, moist skin  External fertilization & external development in an aquatic environment

10. Slide 10 of 19 Amniotes  Terrestrial tetrapods with terrestrially-adapted egg  Reptiles, Birds (Aves), and Mammals  Amniotic Egg  Adaptation to living on land (especially dry land)  Shell that retains water

11. Slide 11 of 19 Amniotic Egg 4 Extra embryonic Membranes: 1. Amnion – encloses the embryo in fluid sac  Shock absorption  Amniotic fluid 2.Chorion & Allantois – Gas exchange 3.Allantios – disposal sac for metabolic wastes 4.Yolk Sac – contains the yolk (nutrient stockpile)

12. Slide 12 of 19 Reptilia  Turtles, lizards, snakes, alligators, & dinosaurs  Keratin-containing scales - Reduce water loss  Lungs for obtaining oxygen  Internal fertilization (cloacal kiss)  Uric Acid – nitrogenous waste  Amniotic egg  Ectothermic – control body temp. through external means

13. Slide 13 of 19 Birds  Wings  Reptilian Characters  Amniotic egg  Leg scales with keratin  Adapted for flight  Light, hollow bones  Few organs  Feathers

14. Slide 14 of 19 Birds (Page 2)  Endothermic  Maintain warm, consistent body temperature  Feathers + fat layer insulate birds  High rate of metabolism  4-Chambered heart

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17. Slide 17 of 19 Mammal Characteristics  Milk  Mammary glands – produce milk  Body covering of fur or Hair  Internal fertilization  Most are born rather than hatched

18. Slide 18 of 19 Mammal Types  Monotremes  Egg-laying mammals  Have hair & produce milk  Marsupials  Born early & complete development in marsupium (pouch) while nursing  Eutherians (Placental mammals)  Long pregnancy period  Development proceeds inside uterus

19. Slide 19 of 19 Primates  Order that contains humans, monkeys, & gorillas  Opposable thumbs  Large brains  Forward-oriented eyes  Intensive child rearing  Complex social structure