PSYCHOLOGY (8th Edition) David Myers PowerPoint Slides Aneeq Ahmad Henderson State University Worth Publishers, © 2006

…..Just Listen…….. What did you hear?

…..Just Listen…….. What did you think about? What emotions did you feel?

A Historical View of Consciousness The unconscious mind processes information simultaneously on multiple tracks, while the conscious mind processes information sequentially. Conscious mind Unconscious mind

What it Means to be “Conscious” Awareness Of the stimuli that surrounds you Alert To the events and stimuli constantly changing Knowing What it is that your senses are perceiving Responsive To the Changes that are happening all around you “The totality of the impressions, thoughts, and feelings, and emotions which make up a person's conscious being."

Altered States of Consciousness and the Brain Altered States of Consciousness and the Brain Cerebral Cortex (when we think of “the brain” this is what usually comes to mind) Divided into right and left hemispheres, with each hemisphere's lobes responsible for specific functions: Frontal Lobes Have you ever experienced the phenomenon of arriving at school and not remembering driving there? The planning, organization and self-correction skills controlled by the frontal lobes are responsible for your safe arrival at school. If there had been a detour on the way, the frontal lobes' mental flexibility would have allowed you to alter your route and successfully complete your trip. Carrying out daily functions requires you to remain in control and generate alternatives when problems arise. Sensory Motor Strip Higher level motor behavior, such as the coordination of movement in walking. Parietal Lobes Allows you to find your way in the dark and sense your relationship with surroundings. Visual perception and analysis of space, as demonstrated by the ability to read a map or follow a maze, are also processed in these lobes. Location of the Orientation Association Structure Ex: If these are damaged, may not know where “you” end and the outside world begins. Occipital Lobes Control visual perception within both the right and left hemispheres. They receive the pattern for a picture, but do not interpret that picture. Damage to these areas results in a type of blindness. Ex: Numbers on the telephone/business card. Cerebellum Muscle coordination and balance. Brain Stem Life-sustaining functions such as regulation of blood pressure, heart rate, breathing and body temperature. The system that is responsible for the level of arousal and alertness is also in the brain stem and is known as the Reticular Activating System (RAS). The RAS, referred to in the book as the Sympathetic System functions like a dimmer in a light switch, increasing and decreasing the responsiveness to the environment. If the RAS is damaged, like a light that has been dimmed…an altered state of consciousness such as a coma or a vegetative condition may result. An altered state may also result from overstimulation of this system. Temporal Lobes -The ability to hum a tune (music), identify an airplane overhead (environmental sound), and recall a beautiful sunset (visual memory) = Right Temporal Lobe. This is the place for the senses, without worries, burdens, etc. produced in the Left Temporal lobe. It is this lobe that is stimulated most during an Altered State. -The ability to understand a teacher during a lecture (language comprehension), to name your friends and family (naming ability), and remember the words to The Star Spangled Banner (verbal memory) = Left Temporal Lobe. This is the area whose functioning is subdued/halted during an Altered State, to achieve the sense of euphoria felt in the Right Temporal Lobe. Also, if damaged, may result in “Golden Retriever” syndrome. Limbic System In addition to the easily identifiable lobes, there are systems within the brain that connect the lobes. The system most sensitive to the results of head injury is the limbic system, which mediates mood, emotions, motivation, attention and memory. Injury to the system may be manifested in behaviors ranging from flat affect (no expression) to aggressiveness; from mild distractibility to the inability to pay attention for one minute; from almost imperceptible memory problems to the inability to recall dialing numbers on a phone (as in the video).

The operation of each of these brain system is vital in creating a “smooth” conscious experience

Consciousness

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ahg6qcgoay4

Why Couldn’t You See Him? What events alter consciousness?

Players in Our Levels of Consciousness Drugs Alcohol Cigarettes Stress Sleepiness Personality Emotions Time of Day People we Encounter School Psychological Disorders ADD/ADHD Etc…… Can you think of any others?

General signs of an Altered State of Consciousness (p. 107) Alterations in thinking: attention/concentration/memory/judgment, trouble distinguishing between cause and effect Disturbed time sense: time ceases to exist or goes by very quickly/very slowly. (Dreams) Loss of control: feeling helpless. (Need to do things, but just can’t – Left Hemisphere jumping in – something is wrong!) Change in emotional expression: emotional extremes or becoming detached/expressionless. Body image change: Boundaries between oneself and one’s environment is blurred. Parts of the body may seem strange/heavy/awkward. Perceptual distortions: “Seeing” sound, “Hearing” color, also hallucinations. Attaching increased meaning to experiences: Things become so profound! Sense of the ineffable: Amnesia/vivid memories/inability to describe experiences to someone who has not undergone something similar Feelings of rejuvenation: hope/feeling light, free euphoric. Also, becoming hyper-suggestible. In Hypnotism, this the ideal state of the “Hypnotee”

Forms of Consciousness Consciousness, modern psychologists believe, is an awareness of ourselves and our environment. Altered States

Consciousness and Information Processing Sleep and Dreams Biological Rhythms The Rhythm of Sleep Sleep Disorders Dreams Drugs and Consciousness Dependence and Addiction Psychoactive Drugs Influences on Drug Use Hypnosis & Meditation Facts and Falsehoods Is Hypnosis an Altered State of Consciousness?

Continuum of Consciousness Controlled Processes Require full awareness Alertness & concentration interferes w/ execution of other activities Driving a Car for the first time Automatic Processes Requires little awareness, take minimal attention, and do NOT interfere w/ other activities Eating while reading or watching television Driving along familiar route Daydreaming Low level of awareness required Often occurs during automatic processes Involves fantasizing or dreaming while awake Usually happens at time where little attention is required, repetitive or boring activities Altered States Result from: medication, hypnosis, psychoactive drugs, or sleep deprivation to produce an awareness different than normal consciousness LSD Sleep 5 different stages Dreaming--a unique state conscious As we sleep, we experience astonishing images (visual, tactile, auditory)

Sleep & Dreams Sleep – the irresistible tempter to whom we inevitably succumb. Mysteries about sleep and dreams have just started unraveling in sleep laboratories around the world.

Sleep What is it? What is it’s purpose? What does it feel like physically when you don’t get enough? What does it feel like mentally when you don’t get enough?

Before we Begin When you wake up in the morning, which one of these pictures represents you the best?

Morningness/Eveningness Questionairre Results 70-86 Definite Morning Type You feel alive and ready to attack the world 59-69 Moderate Morning Type Aside from the first 10-15 minutes of yawning, your body responds positively to the early morning hours 42-58 Neither type Your morning and evening activities are usually marked with similar physiological functioning 31-41 Moderate Evening Type Staying up late is no issue. Going to bed between 11 and 1 A.M. is the norm 16-30 Definite Evening Type The ultimate night owl. Daylight is your enemy. Totally Team Edward

Biological rhythms are controlled by internal “biological clocks.” Annual cycles: On an annual cycle, geese migrate, grizzly bears hibernate, and humans experience seasonal variations in appetite, sleep, and mood. Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) is a mood disorder people experience during dark winter months. OBJECTIVE 2| Distinguish four types of biological rhythms, and give and example of each.

Biological Rhythms 2. 28-day cycles: The female menstrual cycle averages 28 days. Research shows menstruation may not affect moods.

Biological Rhythms 3. Circadian Rhythms : Humans experience 24-hour cycles of varying alertness (sleep), body temperature, and growth hormone secretion. Light triggers the suprachiasmatic nucleus to decrease (morning) melatonin from the pineal gland and increase (evening) it at night fall.

This diagram depicts the circadian patterns typical of someone who rises early in morning (7 a.m.), eats lunch around noon, and sleeps at night (10 p.m.)

Problems that can result from disrupting the circadian clock Accidents (body prepared for sleep, trying to stay awake to drive, alertness decreases) Jet lag

Sleep What is it? What is it’s purpose? What does it feel like physically when you don’t get enough? What does it feel like mentally when you don’t get enough?

Why do I sleep? Body Repair Theory Mental Repair Theory Suggestion Support Body Repair Theory Activities during the day deplete key factors in our body that are replenished or repaired by sleep 1. During Stage 4 sleep--marked by secretion of GH, which controls aspects of metabolism, physical growth, & brain development 2. Repair immune system 3. Restore energy (gylycogen) & chemicals Mental Repair Theory Activities during the day deplete key factors in our mental thought processes that are replenished or repaired by sleep During REM sleep, the brain sifts through information and “deletes” thoughts nor needed Thoughts are compiled and placed into long term memory for future use Relaxes brain activity to feel “clear minded”

Sleep Theories Sleep Protects: Sleeping in the darkness when predators loomed about kept our ancestors out of harm’s way. Sleep Recuperates: Sleep helps restore and repair brain tissue. Sleep Helps Remembering: Sleep restores and rebuilds our fading memories. Sleep assists Growth: During sleep, the pituitary gland releases growth hormone. Older people release less of this hormone and sleep less. OBJECTIVE 7| Identify four theories of why we sleep.

We spend one-third of our lives sleeping. Why do we sleep? We spend one-third of our lives sleeping. If an individual remains awake for several days, they deteriorate in terms of immune function, concentration, and accidents. OBJECTIVE 5| Explain why sleep patterns and duration vary from person to person. Jose Luis Pelaez, Inc./ Corbis

Did you know... World Record – Longest period of time a human has intentionally gone without sleep (no stimulants) Randy Gardner (1964) 17-years old 264 Hours (11 days) Held Press Conference on last day – spoke without slurring Health was monitored – negative cognitive & behavioral changes were reported After falling asleep – slept 14 hours, 40 minutes.

What if I Miss Sleep? Effects on the BODY: Effects on the BRAIN: Immune system depletes: body’s defense against viruses & toxins; Increases levels of stress hormones Disrupts metabolism Increased blood pressure Increased risk of heart disease Effects on the BRAIN: Irritability unhappiness can cause hallucinations moodiness Interferes w/ tasks requiring concentration (ex: recalling & recognizing)

Sleep Deprivation Fatigue and subsequent death. Impaired concentration. Emotional irritability. Depressed immune system. Greater vulnerability. OBJECTIVE 6| Discuss several risks associated with sleep deprivation. With each hour of sleep denied, your mind and body are creating a sleep debt that can have severe negative effect on your overall mood and physical performance

Frequency of accidents increase with loss of sleep

Psychology Today Sleep Logs Circadian Reset The Sleep Cycle Reiser’s Top 10 The Worst Summer Ever! The Sleep Cycle What really happens when you close your eyes

This diagram depicts the circadian patterns typical of someone who rises early in morning (7 a.m.), eats lunch around noon, and sleeps at night (10 p.m.)

How to reset your Circadian Rhythm Reiser’s Top 10 How to reset your Circadian Rhythm List the following ten techniques to help you reset your circadian clock in your notes.

The Need for Sleep Sleep helps to repair your body Immune system Reduces stress Rests the heart/reduces heart disease Regulates body weight Sleep helps to repair the mind Sleep improves your memory. Improves concentration Improves mood Reduces mental stress Sleep reduces the occurrence of major mental disorders

Sleep Deprivation The Body (stages 3&4) The Mind (REM) Fatigue Lethargy Reduced immunity; frequent colds and infections Heavy limbs Heavy eyes Weight Gain Impaired motor skills Walking, talking, etc…. Increased risk to diabetes and heart disease Death Lack of motivation Moodiness Irritability Reduced creativity and problem-solving skills Inability to cope with stress Hallucinations Delusions

What else are sheep supposed to count? The Sleep Cycle

Two Types of Sleep REM NREM Non-rapid eye movement 80% of your sleep During this time our eyes move very rapidly in all directions inside the eye sockets. This is the time when we will dream. Roughly 20% of sleep time Your voluntary muscles are paralyzed. REM sleep remains for about 15 to 45 minutes then passes into non-REM sleep Non-rapid eye movement 80% of your sleep Divided into 4 stages (first four) Decreases in length as nights’ sleep progresses. Night terrors, sleep walking and sleep talking occur

5 Sleep Stages Measuring sleep: About every 90 minutes, we pass through a cycle of five distinct sleep stages. Each stage is marked by a specific brain wave OBJECTIVE 4| List the stages of sleep cycle, and explain how they differ. Hank Morgan/ Rainbow

Awake & Alert During strong mental engagement, the brain exhibits low amplitude and fast, irregular beta waves (15-30 cps). An awake person involved in a conversation shows beta activity. Beta Waves

Awake but Relaxed When an individual closes his eyes but remains awake, his brain activity slows down to a large amplitude and slow, regular alpha waves (9-14 cps). A meditating person exhibits an alpha brain activity. Alpha Waves

Sleep Stages 1-2 During early, light sleep (stages 1-2) the brain enters a high-amplitude, slow, regular wave form called theta waves (5-8 cps). A person who is daydreaming shows theta activity. Theta Waves

Slowest waves associated with physical (Body) recuperation Sleep Stages 3-4 During deepest sleep (stages 3-4), brain activity slows down. There are large-amplitude, slow delta waves (1.5-4 cps). Delta Waves Slowest waves associated with physical (Body) recuperation

Stage 5: REM Sleep After reaching the deepest sleep stage (4), the sleep cycle starts moving backward towards stage 1. Although still asleep, the brain engages in low- amplitude, fast and regular beta waves (15-40 cps) much like awake-aroused state. A person during this sleep exhibits Rapid Eye Movements (REM) and reports vivid dreams.

Brain Waves of the Sleep Cycle

Stages of Sleep The distinctive changes in the electrical activity of the brain & the accompanying physiological responses of the body that occur as you pass through different stages of sleep EEG (Electroencephalogram) records brain waves; frequency (speed) & amplitude (height)

90-Minute Cycles During Sleep With each 90-minute cycle, stage 4 sleep decreases and the duration of REM sleep increases.

Sleep Through the Ages

An Alcohol Induced Sleep Although alcohol can make you fall asleep easier it makes it hard to sustain a full night of good sleep. The first half of the night the person goes into some deep sleep but during the second half a lot of time is spent being awake or nearly awake.

LSD and Sleep

Stages of Sleep Stage 1 Lightest stage of sleep (theta) Stage 2 Transition from wakefulness to sleep Last 1-7 minutes Lose responsiveness to stimuli Drifting thoughts & images Stage 2 “Real Sleep” (theta) Gradual decrease in: heart rate, respiration, body temperature, & muscle tension Difficult to be awakened Stage 3 Transition Stage (delta) 30-45 Minutes after drifting off to sleep Decrease in: Heart rate, respiration, temperature, & muscle tension Difficult to be from which to be awakened Stage 4 “Slow wave sleep” (delta) Deepest Stage of sleep Most difficult from which to be awakened May sleepwalk, sleep talk, snack, night terror REM Rapid Eye Movement (beta) Eyes move rapidly back & forth behind closed lids Physiologically body is very aroused Voluntary muscles are paralyzed (if a nightmare, will NOT act out because) Pass though 5-6 times a night (15-45 min each time; 30-90 min between each period)

Psychology Today Sleep Logs Sleep Cycle Refresher Are you Afraid of the Dark Are you getting enough Sleep? Sleep Disorders Some Sweet Youtube Clips What’s in a Dream? Dream facts Dream Theories

Stages of Sleep The distinctive changes in the electrical activity of the brain & the accompanying physiological responses of the body that occur as you pass through different stages of sleep EEG (Electroencephalogram) records brain waves; frequency (speed) & amplitude (height)

Sleep Through the Ages

An Alcohol Induced Sleep Although alcohol can make you fall asleep easier it makes it hard to sustain a full night of good sleep. The first half of the night the person goes into some deep sleep but during the second half a lot of time is spent being awake or nearly awake.

LSD and Sleep

The 5 sleep disorders you need to know

Sleep Problems and Treatments 1. Sleep Walking/Talking Occurs in stages 3 or 4 Consists of getting up & walking while literally sound asleep Usually have POOR coordination--clumsy but can avoid objects, engage in conversations, have no memory of

Sleep Problems and Treatments 2. Night terrors Occur during stages 3 or 4 of sleep Frightening experiences during sleep with NO memory of 1. Often start with a piercing scream 2. Appears to be awakened in a fearful state (rapid breathing & increased heart rate) 3-7% of children have http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bSVwmSzxKtU

Sleep Problems and Treatments 3. Insomnia Difficulties either going to sleep or staying asleep at night Causes: overload of stressful events, grieving loss/death, coping w/ mental health, changes in night-shift work, chronic pain, medical problems, abusing alcohol or sedative Daytime - fatigue, impaired concentration, memory difficulty, lack of well-being 15-40% of Adults have Establish an optimal sleep pattern Sleep-induced drugs to reduce anxiety http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IJzZcFoT-1A&feature=related

Sleep Problems and Treatments 4. Sleep Apnea Repeated periods during sleep when a person stops breathing for 10 seconds or longer, momentarily waking up, resume breathing, and return to sleep May wake up 200-400 times a night Daytime - exhausted; chances of developing increases when store, overweight, use alcohol or sedatives 20 million adults have Do NOT let sleep on back Blow air into sealed mask at night Mouth device Surgery (to remove tonsils or alter jaw http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mjQdAf9cQBo

Sleep Problems and Treatments 5. Narcolepsy Excessive sleepiness during day w/ brief periods of REM sleep & loss of muscle control (cataplexy) BIG emotional changes can trigger Typically begins in adolescence or young adulthood http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_OuEDV1hBYw

Sleep Problems & Treatment Definition Associated with Treatment Insomnia Difficulties either going to sleep or staying asleep at night Causes: overload of stressful events, grieving loss/death, coping w/ mental health, changes in night-shift work, chronic pain, medical problems, abusing alcohol or sedative Daytime - fatigue, impaired concentration, memory difficulty, lack of well-being 15-40% of Adults have Establish an optimal sleep pattern Sleep-induced drugs to reduce anxiety Sleep Apnea Repeated periods during sleep when a person stops breathing for 10 seconds or longer, momentarily waking up, resume breathing, and return to sleep May wake up 200-400 times a night Daytime - exhausted; chances of developing increases when store, overweight, use alcohol or sedatives 20 million adults have Do NOT let sleep on back Blow air into sealed mask at night Mouth device Surgery (to remove tonsils or alter jaw Narcolepsy Excessive sleepiness during day w/ brief periods of REM sleep & loss of muscle control BIG emotional changes can trigger Typically begins in adolescence or young adulthood

Sleep Problems & Treatment Definition Associated with Treatment Night Terrors Occur during stages 3 or 4 of sleep Frightening experiences during sleep with NO memory of 1. Often start with a piercing scream 2. Appears to be awakened in a fearful state (rapid breathing & increased heart rate) 3-7% of children have not much. Nightmares Occur during REM sleep Frightening, anxiety-producing images that occur during dreaming Involve danger--being attacked, injured, or pursued Upon waking, person can describe in detail 25-70% of children aged 3-6 have 47% of college students have at least 1x a month Regular use of anxiety-reduction techniques Sleepwalking Occurs in stages 3 or 4 Consists of getting up & walking while literally sound asleep Usually have POOR coordination--clumsy but can avoid objects, engage in conversations, have no memory of Typically begins in adolescence or young adulthood

Sleep Disorders: Insomnia Somnambulism: Sleepwalking. Nightmares: Frightening dreams that wake a sleeper from REM. Night terrors: Sudden arousal from sleep with intense fear accompanied by physiological reactions (e.g., rapid heart rate, perspiration) that occur during SWS. OBJECTIVE 8| Identify major sleep disorders.

Sleep Disorders: Insomnia Narcolepsy: Overpowering urge to fall asleep that may occur while talking or standing up. Sleep apnea: Failure to breathe when asleep.

Investigating man’s true fantasy world

Before we Begin Why do we dream? What different types of dreams have you had? What emotions seem to be present most during dreams? Why is it difficult for some people to remember their dreams?

What are dreams? Dream is a word used to describe the subconscious experience of a sequence of images, sounds, ideas, emotions, or other sensations usually during sleep, especially REM sleep There is no neurologically agreed upon, biological definition for dreaming It is known that dreams are strongly associated with REM sleep But there is a lot that is unknown about dreams and the purpose of dreams is interpreted in many different ways What is the purpose of dreams? Do we need to dream? Are dreams an interaction between your subconscious and conscious?

Dream Facts and Stats Humans spend about 6 years dreaming Most common emotion experienced during dreaming is anxiety Men generally have more aggressive feelings in their dreams than women, and children's dreams do not have very much aggression until they reach teen age This supports the view that there is a continuity between our conscious and unconscious styles and personalities In men's dreams 70 percent of the characters are other men, while a female's dreams contain an equal number of men and women Sexual dreams show up about 10% of the time and are more prevalent in young to mid-teens Approximately 70% of women have recurring dreams and 65% of men The most common themes are: situations relating to school, being chased, sexual experiences, falling, arriving too late, a person now alive being dead, flying, failing an examination, or a car accident

The Theories of Dreaming Which do you believe?

Dream Theory 1 The Evolutionary Theory: We Dream to Practice Responses to Threatening Situations In REM sleep, the amygdala (fight or flight) fires in similar ways as it does when it's specifically threatened for survival. We dream in order to rehearse behaviors of self-defense in the safety of nighttime isolation get better at fight-or-flight in the real world A majority of our dreams are anxiety induced situations Antii Revonsuo

Dream Theory 2 Dreams Create Wisdom dreams sort through memories, to determine which ones to retain and which to lose. “sleep is the process through which we separate the memories worth encoding in long-term memory from those worth losing.” Matt Wilson MIT Sleep turns a flood of daily information into what we call wisdom: the stuff that makes us smart for when we come across future decisions.

Dream Theory 3 Dreaming is Like Defragmenting Your Hard Drive “We dream in order to forget." Dreaming is a shuffling of old connections that allows us to keep the important connections and erase the inefficient links. Suppose, for example, that you had to remember every detail in your life. Your brain would soon be stuck in an endless loop of trivial memory. Francis Crick “The brain is like a machine that gets in the groove of connecting its data in certain ways (obsessing or defending or retaining), and that those thinking pathways might not be the most useful for us.”

Dream Theory 4 The Absence of Theory The Activation Synthesis Theory dreams have no meaning at all they are the random firings of a brain that doesn't happen to be conscious at that time. the brain's efforts to synthesize some sense from random signals Allan Hobson Robert McCarley Harvard University

Dream Theory 5 Wish Fulfillment Disguised, hallucinatory fulfilment of repressed wishes. Current and early childhood wishes Dreams, he believed, gave indirect expressions to infantile sexual wishes which had been repressed Because these wishes are unacceptable and potentially disturbing, they are censored and disguised in symbols Sigmund Freud

Freudian Symbolism?

Next Week’s Topics Hypnosis Meditation Drugs Unit 2B Quiz/Quest/Test Facts, truths, and myths Meditation How do de-stressify your life the healthy way Drugs The ins, the outs, the goods, the bads Unit 2B Quiz/Quest/Test If time is permitted

Dream Interpretations What’s in your Dreams?

Dream Interpretation Rules Tell it like a story (Dreamer) If possible Details, details, details….. (Dreamer) Listen completely (Interpreters) Open for discussion (Interpreters) One question at a time Explain why you may have asked that question Make a connection between their response and their dream

What do we Dream? Negative Emotional Content: 8 out of 10 dreams have negative emotional content. Failure Dreams: People commonly dream about failure, being attacked, pursued, rejected, or struck with misfortune. Sexual Dreams: Contrary to our thinking, sexual dreams are sparse. Sexual dreams in men are 1 in 10; and in women 1 in 30. Dreams of Gender: Women dream of men and women equally; men dream more about men than women. OBJECTIVE 9| Describe the most common content of dreams.

Why do we dream? Wish Fulfillment: Sigmund Freud suggested that dreams provide a psychic safety valve to discharge unacceptable feelings. The dream’s manifest (apparent) content may also have symbolic meanings (latent content) that signify our unacceptable feelings. Information Processing: Dreams may help sift, sort, and fix a day’s experiences in our memories. OBJECTIVE 10| Compare the major perspectives on why we dream.

Why do we dream? Physiological Function: Dreams provide the sleeping brain with periodic stimulation to develop and preserve neural pathways. Neural networks of newborns are quickly developing; therefore, they need more sleep.

Why do we dream? Activation-Synthesis Theory: Suggests that the brain engages in a lot of random neural activity. Dreams make sense of this activity. Cognitive Development: Some researchers argue that we dream as a part of brain maturation and cognitive development. All dream researchers believe we need REM sleep. When deprived of REM sleep and then allowed to sleep, we show increased REM sleep called REM Rebound.

Dream Theories Summary

Cultural Obsession? From Real Life to Hollywood

Psychology This Week Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Hypnosis Drugs The ins and outs, the myths, the truths Wednesday Drugs The goods, the bads, the uglies Thursday The most dangerous drug in the world Friday Meditation or Quest? How to relax in a healthy way

Psychology Today An Introduction to Hypnosis What is Hypnosis ? Common Myths about Hypnosis Theories of Hypnotic Responding Key Theoretical Controversies in Hypnosis Hypnotic Suggestibility Hypnosis as a Clinical Tool

Ready to be Mesmerized? Who? When? What? Franz Anton Mesmer German Physician When? Late 1700s What? Animal magnetism Sicknesses and diseases are caused by imbalance in invisible “cosmic fluid” Mesmer used magnets to influence the flow of this fluid throughout the body and heal his patients “I am an enlightened soul that harnesses the power of cosmic energies” conducted his healing sessions while dressed in purple silk and holding an iron rod --Mesmer’s patient Maria Theresia (18) blind at the age of 4 --Successful magnet therapy at first --Shortly after the patient goes blind again-

Hypnosis Hypnosis Coined only in 1843 by Scottish surgeon James Braid coined the term expressly to discourage any association of his hypnotic techniques with Mesmer's fanciful metaphysics http://iddiokrysto.blog.excite.it James Braid OBJECTIVE 11| Define hypnosis, and note some similarities between the behavior of hypnotized people and that of motivated unhypnotized people. Hypnos: Greek god of sleep

An Introduction to Hypnosis Society of Psychological Hypnosis American Psychological Association

A. Defining Hypnosis Hypnosis is a procedure involving cognitive processes (like imagination) in which a subject is guided by a hypnotist to respond to suggestions for changes in sensations, perceptions, thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Sometimes, people are trained in self-hypnosis, in which they learn to guide themselves through a hypnotic procedure. Psychologists hold a wide variety of opinions on how to define hypnosis and on how hypnosis works. “Hypnosis is merely a blend of, conformity, relaxation, imagination, obedience, suggestion, and role playing.”

Common Myths about Hypnosis People in hypnosis lose control and can be made to say or do whatever the hypnotist wants. People may not be able to come out of hypnosis. Hypnosis only affects weak-willed or gullible people. Hypnosis reliably enhances the accuracy of memory. Hypnosis enables people to re-experience a past life. Hypnosis depends primarily on the skill of the hypnotist. NONE OF THESE ARE TRUE

B. Two Components of a Hypnotic Procedure It is useful to think of a hypnotic procedure as consisting of two phases or components: Hypnotic Induction A method used to induce a “hypnotic” trance (altered state) Hypnotic Suggestions What goes on while in the “hypnotic” trance

How is Hypnosis Induction Done? There are many different ways: Still all techniques encourage a person to 1. focus their attention on what is being said 2. to relax and feel tired 3. to “let go” and accept suggestions 4. to use vivid imagination http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4KHDG0HwPDw Some hypnotists believe the purpose of the induction is to induce an altered state of consciousness. Other hypnotists believe the induction is a social cue that prompts the subject to engage in hypnotic behaviors.

Class Demonstration Chevreul Pendulum

Hypnotic Suggestion ? Types of Hypnotic Suggestions: Ideomotor Suggestions – experience a motor movement. Challenge Suggestions – subject is told he or she will not be able to do some particular thing and then is asked to perform the prohibited behavior. Cognitive Suggestions – experience changes in sensations, perceptions, thoughts or feelings.

Theories of Hypnotic Responding Dissociation Approach Social Influence Theory Developed by Ernest Hilgard. Under hypnosis, part of the mind enters an altered state of consciousness. A second dissociated part of the mind, later designated as the “Hidden Observer”, remains aware of what is going on during a hypnotic session. The part of the mind in an altered state of consciousness is very open to hypnotic suggestions.

Dissociation Hypnosis

Theories of Hypnotic Responding Dissociation Approach Social Influence Theory Developed by Ernest Hilgard. Under hypnosis, part of the mind enters an altered state of consciousness. A second dissociated part of the mind, later designated as the “Hidden Observer”, remains aware of what is going on during a hypnotic session. The part of the mind in an altered state of consciousness is very open to hypnotic suggestions. Participants willingly respond to the suggestions of hypnotic instruction as a process of compliance to social demands (Spanos & Burgess, 1994) People are watching We aim to please the instructor/crowd Role Theory – people naturally adopt the role behaviors of a hypnotized person The hypnosis label stops the inhibition of our behaviors

Socio-Cognitive Hypnosis http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U6tJJIUUjjI

Both Theories Mimi Forsyth

Want to Know How to Get Intoxicated Without Having any Liquor?

Hypnotic Suggestibility – The Individual Difference Variable Hypnotic suggestibility is the general tendency to respond to hypnotic suggestions Dissociation Experience Scale (DES) Tool used by hypnotists to measure a subjects likelihood of being hypntized Scale: 45%- up Highest Level of Susceptibility - best candidates for hypnosis 30%-45% Moderate Susceptibility- Hypnosis likely with extended induction techniques 15%-30% Low Susceptibility- Though unlikely, hypnosis is possible on individual basis 0%-15% Poor Susceptibility- Induction highly unlikely (poorest hypnotic candidates)

Hypnotic Susceptibility

HYPNOSIS Hypnosis is a state of consciousness that involves being in a relaxed state with a heightened ability to focus on specific things, while ignoring usual distractions.

Hypnosis as a Clinical Tool Hypnosis is generally used in two ways as a clinical tool: 1. Making Direct Suggestions for Symptom Reduction Example – A hypnotist suggests to a patient undergoing a painful medical procedure (e.g., surgery, a lumbar puncture, spinal tap) that the affected body part (i.e., the back) is numb and insensitive to pain. Combining Hypnosis with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy a form of psychotherapy that emphasizes the important role changing the way we think in order to feel better (physically and emotionally)

Some Clinical Problems Thought to Be Responsive to Hypnosis Acute and Chronic Pain Phobias Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and Acute Stress Disorder Performance Anxiety Depression Eating Disorders Dissociative Identity Disorder Smoking Obesity

B. Presenting Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy plus Hypnosis Research suggests that using a combination of hypnosis and CBT improves outcomes for about 70% of patients relative to using CBT alone (Kirsch et al., 1995). Additionally, standard CBT techniques can be presented in a hypnotic context by preceding the CBT technique with a hypnotic induction, delivered with the unique tone and cadence of hypnosis, and described as being hypnotic in nature. Examples: Progressive Muscle Relaxation becomes hypnotic relaxation. Guided Imagery becomes hypnotic imagery. Systematic Desensitization becomes hypnotic desensitization. Coping self-statements become coping self-suggestions.

Conclusion Once associated with fringe psychology and the supernatural, hypnosis is now accepted as the valid subject of scientific research and as a useful clinical tool. Psychologists hold a wide variety of opinions on how to define hypnosis and on how hypnosis works. Research strongly suggests that hypnotic suggestibility is a trait that accounts for a portion of how much or how little people respond to hypnosis. However, research strongly indicates that the vast majority of people can benefit from hypnosis interventions. Research indicates that hypnosis is very effective for treating a wide range of clinical problems and symptoms, including pain, anxiety, depression, obesity, and smoking.

Instructions for Chevreul Pendulum Demonstration Obtain scissors, string, and ½ inch washers at a hardware store. At the beginning of the presentation, distribute these materials to the class. Have students cut a 6-inch length of string and tie it to the washer. Explain that you will be doing a demonstration in which students will have an opportunity to experience an imaginative suggestion. Have students place their right elbow on their right thigh and hold the string between their right thumb and index finger so the washer is suspended beneath. Have students hold their hand as still as possible. Ask students to imagine that the washer is beginning to move from left to right. Continue repeating the suggestion until some washers begin to move. There will be a range of responses. Some students will show no response at all. Others will find that their washer moves quite a bit. Cancel the suggestion by telling students their hands are back to normal. Ask students what this has to do with what you were just discussing. This should lead naturally to the next topic – hypnotic suggestibility.

Hypnotic Feats Strength, stamina, and perceptual and memory abilities similarly affect those who are hypnotized and those who are not hypnotized.

Facts and Falsehood Those who practice hypnosis agree that its power resides in the subject’s openness to suggestion. Can anyone experience hypnosis? Yes, to some extent. Can hypnosis enhance recall of forgotten events? OBJECTIVE 12| Discuss the characteristics of people who are susceptible to hypnosis, and evaluate claims that hypnosis can influence people’s memory, will, health, and perception of pain. No.

Facts and Falsehood Can hypnosis force people to act against their will? No. Can hypnosis be therapeutic? Yes. Self-suggestion can heal too. Can hypnosis alleviate pain? Yes. Lamaze can do that too.

Want to Know How to Get Intoxicated Without Having any Liquor?

The Goods, the Bads, and the Uglies Psychoactive Drugs The Goods, the Bads, and the Uglies Ch 12

Drugs Today Tomorrow Some basic definitions Drug categories Dependency Physical Psychological Abuse Drug Schedules Top 16 most addictive drug list Drug categories Types Addictions Complications Etc……

This is Your Nose

This is Your Nose on Your Cocaine

Psychoactive Drugs Defined Chemical substances that affect the brain functioning, causing changes in behavior, mood and consciousness. Illegal Over the counter Pharmaceutically enhanced

Fact 0 DEA (Drug Enforcement Agency) Drugs are classified on a “schedule” based on addictive qualities and possible medical use of the drug. Schedule I, n a category of drugs not considered legitimate for medical use. Included are heroin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and marijuana. Schedule II, n a category of drugs considered to have a strong potential for abuse or addiction but that also have legitimate medical use. Included are opium, morphine, and cocaine. Schedule III, n a category of drugs that have less potential for abuse or addiction than Schedule I or II drugs and have a useful medical purpose. Included are short-acting barbiturates and amphetamines. Schedule IV, n a medically useful category of drugs that have less potential for abuse or addiction than those of Schedules I, II, and III. Included are diazepam and chloral hydrate. Schedule V, n a medically useful category of drugs that have less potential for abuse or addiction than those of Schedules I through IV. Included are antidiarrheals and opioid derivatives. 1972 Richard Nixon’s War on Drugs The lower the schedule the more punishable by law

Illinois Penalties

Perspectives on Substance-Related Disorders: An Overview (cont.) Figure 11.2 Barlow/Durand, 3rd. Edition Easy to get hooked on, hard to get off What do you think made the list?

Perspectives on Substance-Related Disorders: An Overview (cont.) Figure 11.2 (cont.) Easy to get hooked on, hard to get off

Dependence Check List Substance dependence is marked by 2 specific occurrences Tolerance to drug action occurs greater doses, diminished drug action Withdrawal symptoms Physical illness/mental discomfort Physical Dependence Psychological Dependence The belief that they can not function with out the use of the drug Psychological energy is spent focusing on the need for the druc “Without it, I think I’ll go crazy” Withdrawal symptoms occur with cease of use Sweats Throwing up Shaking Itching

What are you Dependent on? Psychiatric Definition of Drug Dependency Where do you fall? Choose one thing you feel you might be addicted to (this doesn’t have to be a drug Make a list of 1-9 Check off each test that applies to you

Perspectives on Substance-Related Disorders: An Overview

Perspectives on Substance-Related Disorders: An Overview (cont.) Figure 11.1 (cont.)

Abuse Checklist Substance abuse The use of illicit drugs or the abuse of prescription or over-the-counter drugs for purposes other than those for which they are indicated or in a manner or in quantities other than directed is Marked by 4 occurrences Failure to fulfill major obligations (e.g. work or child care) Exposure to physical dangers (e.g. driving while intoxicated) Legal problems brought on by drug use Persistent social or interpersonal problems (e.g. arguments with spouse) Ch 12.2

Development of Substance Abuse Ch 12.13

Psychoactive Drugs: An Overview Five Main Categories of Psychoactive Drugs Depressants – Result in behavioral sedation (e.g., alcohol, sedative, anxiolytic drugs) Stimulants – Increase alertness and elevate mood (e.g., cocaine, nicotine, caffeine) Opiates (Opiates) – Primarily produce analgesia and euphoria (e.g., heroin, morphine, codeine) Hallucinogens – Alter sensory perception (e.g., marijuana, LSD) Other drugs of abuse – Include inhalants, anabolic steroids, medications

Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7E How Drugs Work © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7E

Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7E Drug Action on Neurons © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7E

Psychoactive Drug Ranges

Stimulants Stimulants act on the brain to increase alertness and motor activity Amphetamines release norepinephrine and dopamine in brain to produce alertness and to reduce appetite Tolerance quickly develops to amphetamine use Ephedrine is a variant of amphetamine that induces alertness and reduces appetite (found in herbal weight loss preparations) Cocaine blocks the reuptake of dopamine to produce alertness and produce euphoria Ecstasy and Ice (Crystal Meth) produce effects similar to speed, but without the crash; 2% of college students report using Ecstasy; Both drugs can result in dependence Ch 12.11

Amphetamines Amphetamines stimulate neural activity, causing accelerated body functions and associated energy and mood changes, with devastating effects. National Pictures/ Topham/ The Image Works

Methamphetamines: “methylated” water soluble and more quickly absorbed by the human body Common Crystal Meth Ingredients: Acetone  Alcohol Anhydrous ammonia Battery acid Benzene Bronchodialators Camera batteries Camp stove fuel Chloroform Cold tablets Diet aids Drain cleaner Energy boosters Ephedrine Ether (starting fluid)  Freon  Gasoline additives/Rubbing Alcohol Hot plates Iodine Iodine crystals

Meth (S)

Caffeine & Nicotine (S) Caffeine and nicotine increase heart and breathing rates and other autonomic functions to provide energy. http://office.microsoft.com/clipart http://www.tech-res-intl.com

Nicotine and Tobacco Smoking Smoking tobacco results in absorption of nicotine into the blood Nicotine reaches brain receptors that control dopamine release Dopamine action of nicotine mediate its addictive properties Cigarette smoking is responsible for 1 of every 6 deaths in the US Smoking is THE SINGLE MOST PREVENTABLE cause of early death Ch 12.6

Prevalence of Smoking Rates of smoking among American adults have dropped since 1965, but 57 million smoke. Smoking rates higher in Asia and South America Rates for white adolescents have been increasing since 1992. Rates of smoking are higher for Hispanic and white adolescents than for African American teens. Rates for African American teens have been increasing since 1992. Lowest prevalence rates for college graduates and people over 75. Highest prevalence rates for blue-collar workers, Native Americans, and individuals with less education. Prevalence has declined more for men than for women.

Race, Ethnicity, & Smoking African Americans Retain nicotine in their blood longer than whites. Because of a greater preference for mentholated cigarettes than whites, African Americans may take more puffs & inhale more deeply May explain lower rates of quitting and increased likelihood of developing lung cancer. Chinese Americans metabolize less nicotine than whites or Hispanics May explain lower rates of lung cancer among Asians

Therapy for Cigarette Smoking The long-term efficacy of psychological treatments for smoking are not good Making smoking unpleasant Scheduled smoking involves gradual reduction of number of cigarettes smoked and controls when smoking will happen Advice from a physician Biological treatments for smoking involve substitution of nicotine for smoking Use of a nicotine patch or gum Ch 12.16

Smoke, Anyone?

Cocaine Cocaine induces immediate euphoria followed by a crash. Crack, a form of cocaine, can be smoked. Other forms of cocaine can be sniffed or injected.

Cocaine Effects

Depressants Depressants act on the brain to decrease alertness and motor activity Used to induce sleep and relaxation Inhibit the central nervous system Alcohol Barbiturates Tranquilizers Benzodiazepines Sleep medication Ch 12.11

Alcohol: Some Facts and Statistics In the United States Most adults consider themselves light drinkers or abstainers Most alcohol is consumed by 11% of the U.S. population Alcohol use is highest among Caucasian Americans Males use and abuse alcohol more so than females Violence is associated with alcohol, but alcohol alone does not cause aggression

Alcohol: Some Facts and Statistics (cont.) Facts and Statistics on Problem Drinking 10% of Americans experience problems with alcohol More than 4 in 10 people who begin drinking before age 15 eventually become alcoholics. 20% of those with alcohol problems experience spontaneous recovery Anhedonia – Lack of pleasure, or indifference to pleasurable activities Affective flattening – Show little expressed emotion, but may still feel emotion

Fig 12.3

Alcohol Abuse and Dependence Alcohol dependence can include tolerance and withdrawal reactions Abrupt cessation can lead to anxiety, depression, weakness, and an inability to sleep Delirium tremens (DTs) is a severe alcohol withdrawal reaction that includes hallucinations Alcohol tolerance is common in alcoholism Alcohol abuse can be part of polydrug abuse (80-85% of alcohol abusers smoke) Ch 12.3

Short-term Actions of Alcohol Alcohol is absorbed from the stomach into the blood Alcohol is metabolized by the liver (1 oz/hr) Alcohol is a drug, a CNS depressant Alcohol acts within brain to Stimulate GABA receptors (reduces tension) Increases dopamine/serotonin levels (pleasurable aspects of intoxication) Inhibits glutamate receptors (cognitive actions) Ch 12.4

Long-term Actions of Alcohol Alcoholics reduce their food intake when consuming alcohol Alcohol has no nutrient value Alcohol impairs food digestion Result is vitamin deficiency (B-complex) Can lead to brain damage and amnesia Alcohol kills brain cells, leading to loss of gray matter from the temporal lobes Alcohol suppresses the immune system Fetal alcohol syndrome risk in offspring Ch 12.5

Cirrhosis of the liver is a liver disease characterized by a gradual annihilation of the liver cells. These cells are progressively replaced with fibrous tissue, which then leads to hardening. Cirrhosis is irreversible chronic injury of the liver.

Narcotics Narcotics A.K.A.- Opiates Drugs that produce pain relieving qualities Opium derived from the poppy plan Native to Asian/Middle Eastern Countries Heroin Morphine Oxycontin Coediene

Abuse of Prescription Opioids The main prescription opioids people abuse are Codeine Oxycodone (OxyContin®, Percodan®, Percocet®) Hydrocodone (Vicodin®) Meperidine (Demerol®) Hydromorphone (Dilaudid®) Matrix IOP

Heroin Facts Heroin is simply an organic, or plant-derived, compound that combines morphine with acetic acid (vinegar) or acetic anhydride (an acid). Heroin is a white to dark brown powder. It often is mixed with other substances (sugar,starch) or poison (strychnine). Injection drug use is linked to one-third of HIV cases and more than one-half of hepatitis C cases. Matrix IOP

Hallucinogens Hallucinogenic drugs alter sensory perception and create sensory experiences Hallucinogenic drugs include LSD Magic Mushrooms (Psilocybin) PCP (Phencyclidine) Ketamine Mescaline Some are found in nature while others are Pharmaceutically altered chemicals Hallucinogens powerfully affect the brain, distorting the way our five senses work and changing our impressions of time and space. People who use these drugs a lot may have a hard time concentrating, communicating, or telling the difference between reality and illusion. Ch 12.12

Hallucinogens Effects General effects of LSD include Synesthesia: blending of sensory information Subjective time is altered (slowed) Rapid shifts in mood Effects depend on set and setting

Marijuana Marijuana consists of the dried and crushed leaves of the hemp plant Cannabis sativa Smoking marijuana results in Relaxation Shifts in attention Impaired memory Marijuana effects depend on dose and potency Ch 12.7

Adverse Actions of Marijuana Interferes with cognitive function including loss of short-term memory Interferes with the operation of complex equipment (e.g. an automobile) Contributes to psychological problems in adulthood Elevates heart rate Impairs lung structure and function Can produce reverse tolerance Ch 12.8

Therapeutic Actions of Marijuana Reduces the nausea and loss of appetite associated with chemotherapy Can reduce pain signaling (via THC) Can be used to treat the discomfort of AIDS Can reduce the pressure increases in the eye associated with glaucoma Ch 12.9

Other Drugs of Abuse: Designer Drugs Drugs produced by pharmaceutical companies for diseases Ecstasy, MDEA (“eve”), BDMPEA (“nexus”), ketamine (“special K”) are examples Pharmaceutically altered chemical Such drugs heighten auditory and visual perception, sense of taste/touch Becoming popular in nightclubs, raves, or large social gatherings All designer drugs can produce tolerance and dependence

Other Drugs of Abuse: Inhalants Nature of Inhalants Substances found in volatile solvents that are breathed into the lungs directly Examples include spray paint, hair spray, paint thinner, gasoline, nitrous oxide Such drugs are rapidly absorbed with effects similar to alcohol intoxication Tolerance and prolonged symptoms of withdrawal are common

Drugs Summary

Spiders on Drugs?

Influences on Drug Use The use of drugs is based on biological, psychological, and social-cultural influences.

Etiology of Substance Use Biological / Genetic factors (alcoholism is heritable, twin & adoptee studies) Sociocultural variables include family, friends, media (television, billboards) Psychological variables include Mood alteration (enhance positive, reduce negative moods) Beliefs/expectancies about prevalence and risks (harmful actions of drug) Personality variables include High levels of negative affect Enduring desire for arousal, increased positive affect Ch 12.14

An Integrative Model of Substance-Related Disorders Exposure or Access to a Drug Is Necessary, but not Sufficient Drug Use Depends on Social and Cultural Expectations Drugs Are Used Because of Their Pleasurable Effects Drugs Are Abused for Reasons That Are More Complex The premise of equifinality Stress may interact with psychological, genetic, social, and learning factors

Biological Treatment of Substance-Related Disorders Agonist Substitution Safe drug with a similar chemical composition as the abused drug Examples include methadone for heroin addiction, and nicotine gum or patch Antagonistic Treatment Drugs that block or counteract the positive effects of substances Examples include naltrexone for opiate and alcohol problems

Biological Treatment of Substance-Related Disorders (cont.) Aversive Treatment Drugs that make the ingestion of abused substances extremely unpleasant Examples include antabuse for alcoholism and silver nitrate for nicotine addiction Efficacy of Biological Treatment Such treatments are generally not effective when used alone

Psychosocial Treatment of Substance-Related Disorders Debate Over Controlled Use vs. Complete Abstinence as Treatment Goals Inpatient vs. Outpatient Care Data suggest little difference in terms of overall effectiveness Community Support Programs Alcoholics Anonymous and related groups Seem helpful and are strongly encouraged

Psychosocial Treatment of Substance-Related Disorders (cont.) Components of Comprehensive Treatment and Prevention Programs Individual and group therapy Aversion therapy and covert sensitization Contingency management Community reinforcement Relapse prevention Preventative efforts via education NIAA“Project Match” comparative study

Fig 12a

Drugs and Consciousness Psychoactive Drug: A chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood (effects consciousness). OBJECTIVE 14| Define psychoactive drug.

Drugs Effect Consciousness Distort perception Change moods Cause to see or hear things Studies found Marijuana is most frequently used illegal drug 42.3% of 12th graders have tried Marijuana Marijuana effects brain – impairs short-term memory, perception, judgement, motor skills

Drugs: TERMS Psychoactive drugs - Chemicals that affect or nervous system &, as a result, may alter consciousness & awareness, influence how we sense & perceive things, & modify our moods, feelings, emotions, & thoughts, include: Addiction - Person has developed a behavioral pattern of drug abuse Overwhelming & compulsive desire to obtain & use drug Even after stopping—person has strong tendency to relapse & use again Tolerance - After a person uses a drug repeatedly over a period of time, original dose of drug NO longer produces the desired effect, so a person must take increasingly larger doses of drug to achieve same behavioral effect Dependency - Change in the nervous system so that a person now NEEDS to take the drug to prevent the occurrence of painful withdrawal symptoms Withdrawal Symptoms - Painful physical & psychological symptoms that occur after a drug-dependent person stops using drug

Dependence & Addiction Continued use of a psychoactive drug produces tolerance. With repeated exposure to a drug, the drug’s effect lessens. Thus it takes greater quantities to get the desired effect. OBJECTIVE 15| Discuss the nature of drug dependence, and identify three common misconceptions about drug addiction.

Withdrawal & Dependence Withdrawal: Upon stopping use of a drug (after addiction), users may experience the undesirable effects of withdrawal. Dependence: Absence of a drug may lead to a feeling of physical pain, intense cravings (physical dependence), and negative emotions (psychological dependence).

Misconceptions about Addiction Addiction is a craving for a chemical substance, despite its adverse consequences (physical & psychological). Addictive drugs quickly corrupt. Addiction cannot be overcome voluntarily. Addiction is no different than repetitive pleasure-seeking behaviors. Addictive drugs quickly corrupt: After taking drugs only (perhaps) 10% become addict. Addiction cannot be overcome voluntarily: It can be to a large extent. Addiction not different than repetitive pleasure-seeking behaviors: Indeed. But should we stretch the concept to cover social behaviors?

Psychoactive drugs are divided into three groups. Depressants Stimulants Hallucinogens OBJECTIVE 16| Name the main categories of psychoactive drugs, and list three ways these substances can interfere with neurotransmission in the brain.

Depressants Depressants are drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions. They include: Alcohol Barbiturates Opiates OBJECTIVE 17| Explain how depressants affect nervous system activity and behavior, and summarize the findings on alcohol use and abuse.

Alcohol Alcohol affects motor skills, judgment, and memory…and increases aggressiveness while reducing self awareness. Daniel Hommer, NIAAA, NIH, HHS Ray Ng/ Time & Life Pictures/ Getty Images Drinking and Driving

Barbiturates 2. Barbiturates: Drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment. Nembutal, Seconal, and Amytal are some examples.

Depressants 3. Opiates: Opium and its derivatives (morphine and heroin) depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety. They are highly addictive. http://opioids.com/timeline

Stimulants Stimulants are drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions. Caffeine Nicotine Cocaine Ecstasy Amphetamines Methamphetamines OBJECTIVE 18| Identify the major stimulants, and explain how they affect neural activity and behavior.

Ecstasy Ecstasy or Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a stimulant and mild hallucinogen. It produces a euphoric high and can damage serotonin-producing neurons, which results in a permanent deflation of mood and impairment of memory. Greg Smith/ AP Photos

Hallucinogens Hallucinogens are psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input. OBJECTIVE 19| Describe the physiological and psychological effects of hallucinogens and summarize the effects of LSD and marijuana. Ronald K. Siegel

Hallucinogens LSD: (lysergic acid diethylamide) powerful hallucinogenic drug (ergot fungus) that is also known as acid. THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol): is the major active ingredient in marijuana (hemp plant) that triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations. http://static.howstuffworks.com Hemp Plant

Influences on Drug Use The graph below shows the percentage of US high- school seniors reporting their use of alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine from the 70s to the late 90s. OBJECTIVE 20| Discuss the biological, psychological and social-cultural factors that contribute to drug use.

Marijuana Use The use of marijuana in teenagers is directly related to the “perceived risk” involved with the drug.

Psychology Today Topics Next Week Friday Monday Tuesday Worlds Most Dangerous Drug Topics Next Week Monday Unit 2 Review Sleep Hypnosis Drugs Tuesday Unit 2 Quiz/Quest/Test

Near-Death Experiences After a close brush with death, many people report an experience of moving through a dark tunnel with a light at the end. Under the influence of hallucinogens, others report bright lights at the center of their field of vision. (From “Hallucinations” by R.K. Siegel. Copyright © 1977 Scientific American, Inc. All rights reserved.) OBJECTIVE 21| Describe the near-death and the controversy over whether it provides evidence for mind-body dualism.

Mind-Body Problem Near-death experiences raise the mind-body issue. Can the mind survive the dying body? Dualism: Dualists believe that mind (non-physical) and body (physical) are two distinct entities that interact. Monism: Monists believe that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing.

Psychology Today Review Review Sleep Dreams Hypnosis Drugs Importance of Function of The sleep cycle Dreams 2 theories Freud ASM Review Hypnosis History Stage hypnotists Drugs Categories

What it Means to be “Conscious” Awareness Of the stimuli that surrounds you Alert To the events and stimuli constantly changing Knowing What it is that your senses are perceiving Responsive To the Changes that are happening all around you “The totality of the impressions, thoughts, and feelings, and emotions which make up a person's conscious being."

This diagram depicts the circadian patterns typical of someone who rises early in morning (7 a.m.), eats lunch around noon, and sleeps at night (10 p.m.)

Why do I sleep? Body Repair Theory Mental Repair Theory Suggestion Support Body Repair Theory Activities during the day deplete key factors in our body that are replenished or repaired by sleep 1. During Stage 4 sleep--marked by secretion of GH, which controls aspects of metabolism, physical growth, & brain development 2. Repair immune system 3. Restore energy (gylycogen) & chemicals Mental Repair Theory Activities during the day deplete key factors in our mental thought processes that are replenished or repaired by sleep During REM sleep, the brain sifts through information and “deletes” thoughts nor needed Thoughts are compiled and placed into long term memory for future use Relaxes brain activity to feel “clear minded”

What if I Miss Sleep? Effects on the BODY: Effects on the BRAIN: Immune system depletes: body’s defense against viruses & toxins; Increases levels of stress hormones Disrupts metabolism Increased blood pressure Increased risk of heart disease Effects on the BRAIN: Irritability unhappiness can cause hallucinations moodiness Interferes w/ tasks requiring concentration (ex: recalling & recognizing)

Two Types of Sleep REM NREM Non-rapid eye movement 80% of your sleep During this time our eyes move very rapidly in all directions inside the eye sockets. This is the time when we will dream. Roughly 20% of sleep time Your voluntary muscles are paralyzed. REM sleep remains for about 15 to 45 minutes then passes into non-REM sleep Non-rapid eye movement 80% of your sleep Divided into 4 stages (first four) Decreases in length as nights’ sleep progresses. Night terrors, sleep walking and sleep talking occur

Stages of Sleep The distinctive changes in the electrical activity of the brain & the accompanying physiological responses of the body that occur as you pass through different stages of sleep EEG (Electroencephalogram) records brain waves; frequency (speed) & amplitude (height)

Brain Waves of the Sleep Cycle

Sleep Problems & Treatment Definition Associated with Treatment Insomnia Difficulties either going to sleep or staying asleep at night Causes: overload of stressful events, grieving loss/death, coping w/ mental health, changes in night-shift work, chronic pain, medical problems, abusing alcohol or sedative Daytime - fatigue, impaired concentration, memory difficulty, lack of well-being 15-40% of Adults have Establish an optimal sleep pattern Sleep-induced drugs to reduce anxiety Sleep Apnea Repeated periods during sleep when a person stops breathing for 10 seconds or longer, momentarily waking up, resume breathing, and return to sleep May wake up 200-400 times a night Daytime - exhausted; chances of developing increases when store, overweight, use alcohol or sedatives 20 million adults have Do NOT let sleep on back Blow air into sealed mask at night Mouth device Surgery (to remove tonsils or alter jaw Narcolepsy Excessive sleepiness during day w/ brief periods of REM sleep & loss of muscle control BIG emotional changes can trigger Typically begins in adolescence or young adulthood

Sleep Problems & Treatment Definition Associated with Treatment Night Terrors Occur during stages 3 or 4 of sleep Frightening experiences during sleep with NO memory of 1. Often start with a piercing scream 2. Appears to be awakened in a fearful state (rapid breathing & increased heart rate) 3-7% of children have not much. Nightmares Occur during REM sleep Frightening, anxiety-producing images that occur during dreaming Involve danger--being attacked, injured, or pursued Upon waking, person can describe in detail 25-70% of children aged 3-6 have 47% of college students have at least 1x a month Regular use of anxiety-reduction techniques Sleepwalking Occurs in stages 3 or 4 Consists of getting up & walking while literally sound asleep Usually have POOR coordination--clumsy but can avoid objects, engage in conversations, have no memory of Typically begins in adolescence or young adulthood

Dream Theory 5 Wish Fulfillment Disguised, hallucinatory fulfilment of repressed wishes. Current and early childhood wishes Dreams, he believed, gave indirect expressions to infantile sexual wishes which had been repressed Because these wishes are unacceptable and potentially disturbing, they are censored and disguised in symbols Sigmund Freud

Dream Theory 4 The Absence of Theory The Activation Synthesis Theory dreams have no meaning at all they are the random firings of a brain that doesn't happen to be conscious at that time. the brain's efforts to synthesize some sense from random signals Allan Hobson Robert McCarley Harvard University

Ready to be Mesmerized? Who? When? What? Franz Anton Mesmer German Physician When? Late 1700s What? Animal magnetism Sicknesses and diseases are caused by imbalance in invisible “cosmic fluid” Mesmer used magnets to influence the flow of this fluid throughout the body and heal his patients “I am an enlightened soul that harnesses the power of cosmic energies” conducted his healing sessions while dressed in purple silk and holding an iron rod --Mesmer’s patient Maria Theresia (18) blind at the age of 4 --Successful magnet therapy at first --Shortly after the patient goes blind again-

A. Defining Hypnosis Hypnosis is a procedure involving cognitive processes (like imagination) in which a subject is guided by a hypnotist to respond to suggestions for changes in sensations, perceptions, thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Sometimes, people are trained in self-hypnosis, in which they learn to guide themselves through a hypnotic procedure. Psychologists hold a wide variety of opinions on how to define hypnosis and on how hypnosis works. “Hypnosis is merely a blend of, conformity, relaxation, imagination, obedience, suggestion, and role playing.”

Psychoactive Drugs Defined Chemical substances that affect the brain functioning, causing changes in behavior, mood and consciousness. Illegal Over the counter Pharmaceutically enhanced

Stimulants Stimulants act on the brain to increase alertness and motor activity Amphetamines release norepinephrine and dopamine in brain to produce alertness and to reduce appetite Tolerance quickly develops to amphetamine use Ephedrine is a variant of amphetamine that induces alertness and reduces appetite (found in herbal weight loss preparations) Cocaine blocks the reuptake of dopamine to produce alertness and produce euphoria Ecstasy and Ice (Crystal Meth) produce effects similar to speed, but without the crash; 2% of college students report using Ecstasy; Both drugs can result in dependence Ch 12.11

Depressants Depressants act on the brain to decrease alertness and motor activity Used to induce sleep and relaxation Inhibit the central nervous system Alcohol Barbiturates Tranquilizers Benzodiazepines Sleep medication Ch 12.11

Narcotics Narcotics A.K.A.- Opiates Drugs that produce pain relieving qualities Opium derived from the poppy plan Native to Asian/Middle Eastern Countries Heroin Morphine Oxycontin Coediene

Hallucinogens Hallucinogenic drugs alter sensory perception and create sensory experiences Hallucinogenic drugs include LSD Magic Mushrooms (Psilocybin) PCP (Phencyclidine) Ketamine Mescaline Some are found in nature while others are Pharmaceutically altered chemicals Hallucinogens powerfully affect the brain, distorting the way our five senses work and changing our impressions of time and space. People who use these drugs a lot may have a hard time concentrating, communicating, or telling the difference between reality and illusion. Ch 12.12

Dependence Check List Substance dependence is marked by 2 specific occurrences Tolerance to drug action occurs greater doses, diminished drug action Withdrawal symptoms Physical illness/mental discomfort Physical Dependence Psychological Dependence The belief that they can not function with out the use of the drug Psychological energy is spent focusing on the need for the druc “Without it, I think I’ll go crazy” Withdrawal symptoms occur with cease of use Sweats Throwing up Shaking Itching