Air pollution Supervision Prof. Dr. Mervat Salah

Outcomes 1-To know the meaning of air pollution 2-To differentiate between outdoor and indoor pollution 3-To know types of air pollution 4-To understand the ways to control air pollution

AIR POLLUTION Type of pollution:- outdoor pollution – indoor pollution Sources of out doorpollution  Combustion of fuel (natural gas, petroleum, coal and wood)  Industrial process  Natural process (Volcanic)

Carbon oxides (CO) Nitrogen oxides and nitric acid (NO, HNO3) Sulfur dioxide and sulfuric acid (SO2, H2SO4) Particulates (SPM) Ozone (O3) Volatile organic compounds (VOCs ) ) Types of Major Air Pollutants

Pollutants Pollutants can be classified as either primary or secondary - Primary pollutants are substances directly emitted from a process, such as the carbon monoxide gas from a motor vehicle exhaust or sulfur dioxide released from factories. - Secondary pollutants are not emitted directly. Rather, they form in the air when primary pollutants react or interact. An important example of a secondary pollutant is ground level ozone

Sources and Types of Air Pollutants

Environmental challenges Green house effect: Increasing global temperature. Scientists predicting that earth's temperature will increase by C by year 2030 if the pollution continues to increase at the same pace. Ozone depletion: As ozone layer in the upper atmosphere absorbs incoming harmful ultraviolet radiation but it is now getting thinner & more UVs are reaching in to earth creating different disease like cancer& eye problems. Photochemical smog: In 1952 London was covered by smog for 10 days.This smog was caused by fog, smoke, ash,& SO 2 plus NO 2. Sunlight played a great role in the formation of this smog. Acid rain: is caused by oxides of nitrogen & sulphur. It increases acidity of soil & effects the growth of trees & plants.

Acid Deposition Sulfur dioxides and nitrogen oxides Wet and dry deposition Acid rain Regional air pollution – Midwest coal-burning power plants – Prevailing winds

Fig. 15-4, p. 351 Lakes in deep soil high in limestone are buffered Lakes in shallow soil low in limestone become acidic Wet acid deposition (droplets of H2SO4 and HNO3 dissolved in rain and snow) Dry acid deposition (sulfur dioxide gas and particles of sulfate and nitrate salts) Windborne ammonia gas and some soil particles partially neutralize acids and form dry sulfate and nitrate salts Sulfur dioxide (SO2) and NO Nitric oxide (NO) Acid fog Transformation to sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and nitric acid (HNO3) Wind Acid Deposition

Effects Of Pollution Respiratory diseases in humans Toxic metal leaching Structural damage Kills fish and other aquatic organisms Leaches plant nutrients from soil Acid clouds and fog at mountaintops

Acid Rain SO 2 & NO X + water SEA Sea Lake Factories, Transportation Solar Radiation H 2 SO 4 (Sulphuric Acid) HNO 3 (Nitric Acid)

The Greenhouse Effect Earth’s natural greenhouse effect Natural greenhouse gases Water vapor (H 2 O) Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) Methane (CH 4 ) Nitrous Oxide (N 2 O) Enhanced greenhouse effect Global warming

Effect of Global warming Rise in average global surface temperature Changes in glaciers, rainfall patterns, hurricanes Droughts and floods. Threat to biodiversity Decreased food production Diseases (Threats to human health) Economic and social disruption Rising sea levels Extreme weather

Government Roles in Reducing the Threat of Climate Change (1) Regulate carbon dioxide as a pollutant Carbon taxes Cap total CO 2 emissions Subsidize energy-efficient technologies Technology transfers

Photochemical reactions Photochemical smog Brown-air smog Sources Climate effects Urban areas Photochemical Smog

A Methane Carbon Dioxide Nitrous oxide Ozone Earth Carbon Dioxide 50% Methane 18% Chlorofluoroc arbons 14% Ozone 12% Nitrous oxide 06% Green house gases in natural condition insulates the earth against extreme of temperature by limiting both incoming solar radiation & escape of reradiated heat in to space. This natural balance may be distorted by Green House Effect as gases such as carbon dioxide have built up in the atmosphere trapping more heat sun Infra-red radiation Atmosphere Surface Temperature normal Some reradiated heat reflected back to earth Atmosphere sun Surface Temperature increases More reradiated heat reflected back to earth Less reradiated heat escapes in to space Some reradiated heat escapes in to space sun Contribution of different gases to cause green house effect

H2O Water NO 2 Nitrogen dioxide Hydrocarbons O 2 Molecular Oxygen HNO 3 Nitric Acid PANs Peroxyacyl nitrates Aldyhydes (e.g. Formaldehyde) O 3 Ozone O Atomic Oxygen NO Nitric Oxide Ultraviolet Radiation Photochemical Smog

Ozone Layer thinning Affect on seasonal changes Causes – chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) that uses in: Coolants in air conditioners and refrigerators Propellants in aerosol cans Cleaning solutions for electronic parts Fumigants Bubbles in plastic packing foam

Ultraviolet rays from Sun The Ozone layer in stratosphere blocks these harmful UV rays Chlorofluorocarbons are entering in to atmosphere releasing chlorine. The chlorine than break down the ozone The chlorine released from CFCs break down the ozone molecule. chlorine ozone More ultraviolet radiations are reaching in to earths surface as there is a whole in ozone layer. Oxygen Whole in Ozone layer

Reversing Ozone Depletion Stop producing ozone-depleting chemicals Slow recovery Montreal Protocol Copenhagen Protocol International cooperation

Indoor air quality Indoor air quality (IAQ) is a term referring to the air quality within and around buildings and structures. IAQ can be affected by microbial contaminants (mold, bacteria), gases (including carbon monoxide, radon, volatile organic compounds),and particulates

Major Indoor Air Pollutants Tobacco smoke Formaldehyde Radioactive radon-222 gas Very small particles Sick-building syndrome (SBS) Developing countries – Indoor cooking and heating

Air Pollution and the Human Respiratory System Natural protective system Lung cancer, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, asthma Premature deaths

Air Pollutants and its impact on human health Particulate Matter Dust and smoke particles cause irritation of the respiratory tract and produce bronchitis, asthma and lung diseases. Dust and smoke function as nuclei for condensation of water vapors and produce smog which attract chemicals like SO 2, H 2 S, NO 2,etc. Smog not only reduce visibility but is also harmful due to its contained chemicals.

NOISE POLLUTION The term noise is applied to the sound that cause irritation on hearing of healthy human being. Sources Transport noise--- Originates from road traffic (vehicular), air craft and rail traffic. Industrial noise--- It produced by presses; punch and stamp machine, pneumatic drills, milling machines, cutter and routers, dust extractors. etc. Domestic noise--- It is generated from domestic appliance like washing machines, spin dryers, food mixer, sink waste grinder and vacuum cleaner.

Effects Of Noise Pollution Hearing damage from noise exposure Pathological and Physiological disorders The impact of noise may cause permanent hearing loss due to the exposure to noise levels exceeding 90 dB

What is sick building syndrome ? The feeling of illness among majority of occupants of a conditioned space is called “Sick Building Syndrome”. A variety of illness symptoms reported by occupants in sick buildings are – Headache, fatigue, irritation in eyes, nose and throat, shortness of breathe etc.

Causes Inadequate ventilation insufficient supply of outside air; poor mixing; fluctuations in temperature & humidity; What is sick building syndrome ?

Assignment Side effects of pollution by ozone made by : Mahmoud Rady Akila Ahmed Abdeen Sary Ibrahim Ahmed Shafiq Sayed Ghze Side effects of methan pollution made by: Eman Mohamed Ahmed Hager Abd el shafiq Hanan Helmy Ibrahim

Recommended text book Basic Environmental Health