Verbs 11 English Grammar Review

Verbs A verb is a word that shows action, condition, or state of being. A verb is a word that shows action, condition, or state of being. An action verb, such as believe and protest, shows either mental or physical activity. An action verb, such as believe and protest, shows either mental or physical activity. A linking verb, such as feel and be, describes a state of being and connects the subject with a word in the predicate. A linking verb, such as feel and be, describes a state of being and connects the subject with a word in the predicate.

Principal Parts of Verbs Every verb has four principal parts: present, present participle, past, and past participle. Every verb has four principal parts: present, present participle, past, and past participle.

Present vs. Present Participle Present Protest Protest Organize Organize Speak Speak Write Write Present Participle Is protesting Is organizing Is speaking Is writing

Past vs. Past Participle Past Protested Protested Organized Organized Spoke Spoke Wrote Wrote Past Participle Has protested Has organized Has spoken Has written

Irregular verbs Most irregular verbs can be grouped into five spelling patterns. Most irregular verbs can be grouped into five spelling patterns. Group 1 – present, past, and past participle are the same: spread, is spreading, spread, has spread. Group 2 – past and past participle are the same: lead, is leading, led, has led.

Irregular Verbs Group 3 – form past participle by adding n or en to past: bite, is biting, bit, has bitten. Group 4 – Change i in the present form to a for the past and to u for the past participle: sink, is sinking, sank or sunk, has sunk.

Irregular Verbs Group 5 – change vowel of present to form past. Add n or en to form most past participles: see, is seeing, saw, has seen.

Verb Tenses There are three simple tenses (past, present, and future) and three perfect tenses (past perfect, present perfect, and future perfect). There are three simple tenses (past, present, and future) and three perfect tenses (past perfect, present perfect, and future perfect).

Conjugation of simple tenses: Present – use the present part: talk Past – add ed to the present part for regular verbs: talked Future – add will or shall to the present part: will talk, shall talk

Using Simple Tenses Use the present tense to describe an action or state of being: That is happening as it is being reported. Ex: The biography of Mother Teresa inspires me. That is happening as it is being reported. Ex: The biography of Mother Teresa inspires me. That is regularly occurring or habitual. Ex: Her followers do important work. That is regularly occurring or habitual. Ex: Her followers do important work. That will take place in the future – when the verb is modified by and adverb or adverbial phrase indicating future time. Ex: The play begins in an hour. That will take place in the future – when the verb is modified by and adverb or adverbial phrase indicating future time. Ex: The play begins in an hour.

Using Simple Tenses Use past tense to describe an action or state of being that began and ended in the past. Ex: During the 1920s, Mother Teresa joined in religious order. Use the future tense to describe an action or state of being that will take place some time after the present moment. Ex: Generations of social activists will honor Mother Teresa.

Conjugation of Perfect Tenses: Present perfect – add has or have to the past participle: have talked, has talked Present perfect – add has or have to the past participle: have talked, has talked Past perfect – add had to the past participle: had talked Past perfect – add had to the past participle: had talked Future perfect – Add will have or shall have to the past participle: will have talked, shall have talked Future perfect – Add will have or shall have to the past participle: will have talked, shall have talked

Using Perfect Tenses Use the present perfect tense to express an action or state of being Completed at an indefinite time in the past: Historians have noted Gandhi’s tremendous impact. Completed at an indefinite time in the past: Historians have noted Gandhi’s tremendous impact. That started in the past and continues to the present: Gandhi’s philosophy has left a lasting impression on the world. That started in the past and continues to the present: Gandhi’s philosophy has left a lasting impression on the world.

Using Perfect Tenses Use the past perfect tense to express a past action or state of being that occurred before another in the past: Gandhi had embraced the principles of nonviolent protest long before he organized a demonstration against unfair tax.

Using Perfect Tenses Use future perfect tense to express a future action or state of being that will take place before another in the future. Ex: By the year 2010, Gandhi’s reforms will have been in practice for more than 60 years.

Progressive Forms The progressive form of a verb shows an ongoing action or state of being. To create these forms, combine the appropriate simple or perfect tense of be with the present participle of the main verb.

Examples of Progressive Form Present – are striving Present – are striving Past – was striving Past – was striving Future – will be striving Future – will be striving Present perfect – has been striving Present perfect – has been striving Past perfect – had been striving Past perfect – had been striving Future perfect – will have been striving Future perfect – will have been striving

Now You Try Complete the paragraph exercise on page 75 and questions 1-9 on page 76 of your grammar workbook. Complete the paragraph exercise on page 75 and questions 1-9 on page 76 of your grammar workbook.

Active and Passive Voice The voice of an action verb indicates whether the subject performs or receives the action. The voice of an action verb indicates whether the subject performs or receives the action. A verb is in active voice when the subject performs the action. Ex: Mary Harris supported child labor laws. A verb is in active voice when the subject performs the action. Ex: Mary Harris supported child labor laws. A verb is in passive voice when the action is received by the subject. Ex: Child labor laws were supported by Mary Harris. A verb is in passive voice when the action is received by the subject. Ex: Child labor laws were supported by Mary Harris.

Now You Try Complete questions 1-11 on page 82 and questions 1-10 on page 83 of your grammar workbook. Complete questions 1-11 on page 82 and questions 1-10 on page 83 of your grammar workbook.

Commonly Confused Verbs Lie vs. Lay – Lie vs. Lay – lie- to rest in a flat position: lie, lay, lain lay – to place: lay, laid, laid Rise vs. Raise Rise vs. Raise rise – to go upward & raise – to lift upward Sit vs. Sat Sit vs. Sat sit – to occupy a seat: sit, sitting, sat sat – to put or place: set, set, set

Now You Try Complete questions 1-14 on page 88 of your grammar workbook. Complete questions 1-14 on page 88 of your grammar workbook.