Public Education & American Culture 1870s – first U.S. kindergarten programs: do you remember kindergarten? – Expression through stories, games, songs (geography) – Creativity yields a head start to education – Behavior is addressed and learned – Kindergartens = centers for learning & discipline – Obedience is trained

Educating Americans – Before 1870 = less than ½ U.S. children attend school – As cities & industry grew, nation needed an educated workforce State improved public schools State improved public schools

Compulsory Education – Compulsory Education Laws: Required children to attend school, usually through 6 th grade. – English taught to young immigrants – Rights of citizens & Constitution was taught too

Catholics Afraid that public schools stressed Protestantism They open their own parochial: church sponsored schools

School Day – 8am-4pm – “Three R’s” – reading, ‘riting (…) & ‘rithmetic Problem? 1/3 of these words start with “R”…school? Hmm…. – Reading, religion, ethics, values – Discipline & obedience – sit upright, hands folded, corporal punishment ALLOWED! (Connection?)

Higher Learning – After Civil War, public high schools were on the rise – Private colleges for men and women opened – Trade schools: “shop work” – electricians, carpenters

Newspaper Boom – Directly linked to the growth of cities – Reports of major events of the day – Local gov’t, business, fashion, sports – Immigrants learn to read English from the daily paper – Why do YOU think youngsters would want to be interested in being paperboys or “newsies”

Two Newspaper Giants Joseph Pulitzer (Hungarian immigrant)- 1 st modern, mass- circulation paper Bought “New York World” Slashed prices & added comic strips Pictures and “scare” headlines attract attention to scandal

Two Newspaper Giants William Randolph Hearst – challenges Pulitzer Scandal, crime stories, gossip Criticism – more scandal than news every day

Yellow Journalism Yellow journalism: news reporting, often biased on untrue, that relies on sensation stories and headlines

Clever ideas in education…

Women – Newspapers competed for women readers – Fashion, social events, health, homemaking, family matters – Most were afraid to take bold positions that may anger some other readers (women’s rights)

New Reading habits – Growth of magazines to specific demographics: “Ladies’ Home Journal” “Harper’s Monthly” – What are your favorite magazines? WHY??? Dime novels: low-priced paperback books offering thrilling adventure stories Horatio Alger (writes 100+) “rags to riches” stories Offered the hope that even the poorest person could succeed in the U.S.

New American Writers Realists: writers who tried to show the harsh side of life as it was

Realists Many had worked as newspaper reporters Had seen poverty/ wanted to make people aware of the costs of urbanization & industrial growth – Paul Laurence Dunbar- 1 st African American to make a living as a writer – “We Wear the Mask”

Mark Twain Most famous & popular writer of this time “The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County” Used local color

Local color Local color: speech and habits of a particular region » Southerners who lived & worked along Mississippi River » Many books banned as “bad influence” & “taboo”

Painting Everyday Life This generation of writers try to capture the gritty side of modern life – Writing & drawing/ painting Battle scenes Depression Racism Human anatomy Sports arenas African American sharecroppers

Now That We Have an Appreciation for Literature & Poetry… Create an “AABCCB” poem about what you’ve learned today about education. Can’t think of anything?... create one based on what you’ve learned about the meatpacking industry. INCLUDE at least one picture or drawing Have fun with this!!! Make it creative! MINIMUM: two sets Here’s an example of 1 set of an “aabccb” poem….. Little Miss Muffet Sat on a tuffet Eating her curds and whey. Along came a spider And sat down beside her And frightened Miss Muffett away.