HIST2125 Hitler’s Germany Lecture 4: Italian Fascism 27 September 2012.

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Presentation transcript:

HIST2125 Hitler’s Germany Lecture 4: Italian Fascism 27 September 2012

Italian Fascism fasces (bundle): Ancient Roman symbol of authority ↓ fascio (bundle or union): symbol of Italian national unity (19th c.) Fasci di combattimento Fascist fighting leagues founded by Mussolini (Mar 1919) ↓ fascisti (Fascists) → fascismo (Fascism) ↓ Partito nazionale fascista (PNF) National Fascist Party with Mussolini as Leader (Nov 1921)

Mussolini’s Grip on Power PNF as mass movement with paramilitary squadrons of young men ( members in 1922) ‘March on Rome’ by Mussolini’s Blackshirts + Italian King threatened (Oct 1922) ↓ Mussolini prime minister with fascist-dominated government = Grip on power not by revolutionary act but by threat + approval of ruling elites

Hitler: Admirer of Mussolini Proposed collaboration between Italian Fascists & German NS (Sep 1922) Proclaimed ‘Germany’s Mussolini’ by Nazi Hermann Esser (Nov 1922) → Invention of NS Führerkult (Leader’s Cult) = Lifelong friend of Mussolini = Deeply convinced of close similarity of Italian Fascism & German NS

F & NS: Interpretations Minimalistic approach (E. Nolte): Anti-Marxism, Anti-Liberalism, Anti-Conservatism Leader principle with party army Claim of totality Expanded minimalistic approach (R. Griffin): Political ideology with mystical core Populist ultra-nationalism Maximalist approaches (S. Payne, R. De Felice): Nationalism, syndicalism, imperialism, idealism, romanticism, militarism, mysticism, etc., etc.

F & NS: Common features Result of specific historical situation in weak democracies (I, G, E, H, F) Mainly young men esp. middle class, students, civil servants, military, non-industrial workers with strong affiliation with state & nation Paramilitary groups (squadre / SA) of young unmarried men exercising extreme leader cult & emotional comradeship Intellectuals as providers of ideas & visions on ‘people’ & ‘nation’ Modern trends in technology, management, social policies, biology, propaganda, mass media

Fascism and NS: Conclusion Only new & important ideology & movement in 20th c. Europe Especially European phenomena of period Alternative but failed visions of modernity