Dr. Tiffany N. Lee, BS, DC, FASA HS130 Anatomy & Physiology II Unit 9 Reproductive Systems and Growth &Development Dr. Tiffany N. Lee, BS, DC, FASA

Seminar Outline Questions about Final Project Male Reproductive System Female Reproductive System Prenatal Period Fertilization, implantation, and development Parturition Stages of Labor Post Natal Period Stages of life Effects of Aging Various organ systems

Male Reproductive System Function Produce, store, and ultimately introduce mature sperm into female reproductive tract Organs Essential Accessory

Essential Organs Gonads: Testes Page 494 Function: Spermatogenesis and testosterone production Seminiferous tubules: sperm develop in walls Interstitial cells: release testosterone Page 494

Spermatogenesis Spermatogonium Daughter Cell 1° spermatocyte Spermatid Spermatozoa (Sperm) Acrosome Page 496

Case Study A friend of yours who has four children is considering a vasectomy, an operation in which the ductus deferens are cut and tied off to prevent the passage of sperm through the reproductive ducts, thus preventing fertilization. However, your friend has concerns. He asks you, “Will this completely stop the process of ejaculation?” How should you reply?

Accessory Organs Reproductive Ducts: Page 494 Epididymus Ductus (Vas) Deferens Ejaculatory Duct Urethra Page 494

Accessory Organs Sex Glands Seminal vesicles Prostate gland Source of energy for motile sperm using fructose Prostate gland Helps activate sperm and maintain motility Bulbourethral gland Neutralize acidic urine residue Lubricate urethra to prevent friction

Accessory Organs External Genitalia Page 494 Penis Scrotum Corpus spongiosum Corpora cavernosa Glans Scrotum Sac containing testis, epididymis, part of ductus deferens and spermatic cords Page 494

Hormone Testosterone Masculinization Promote and maintain accessory organs Protein anabolism

Female Reproductive System Function Produce ova, receive sperm, and permit fertilization Organs Essential Gonads: Ovaries Function: oogenesis and production of estrogen & progesterone Accessory

Oogenesis Ovarian follicles (containing oocytes) 1° follicles Graafian follicle (mature follicle) **After ovulation, follicle becomes corpus luteum Page 503

Accessory Organs Reproductive Ducts & Organs Page 504 Uterine tubes Uterus Vagina Page 504

Case Study A 30-year-old woman with normal menstrual periods has a total hysterectomy. Would she still ovulate? Would she still have menses?

Accessory Organs Sex Glands Bartholin’s glands Breast Lubricating fluid Breast Mammary glands

Accessory Organs External Genitalia (Vulva) Page 507 Mons Pubis Clitoris Orifice of Urethra Labia minora Hymen Orifice, duct of Bartholin’s glands Orifice of vagina Labia Majora Page 507

Hormones Estrogen Progesterone Maturation of reproductive organs Secondary sexual characteristics (ex. pubic hair) Body Contours Initiate menstrual cycle Progesterone Proliferation and vascularization of lining of uterus

Menstrual Cycle Divided into (3) phases: Page 508 Menses: shedding of uterine lining Proliferative phase: after menses until ovulation High levels of estrogen Secretory phase: Ovulation to menses High levels of progesterone Page 508

Menstrual Cycle Regulation Day 1 to 7, FSH secreted, immature ovarian follicle secretes estrogen As estrogen increases, LH increases, which matures the ovum, marks ovulation, and lutenization Sharp, sudden decrease in estrogen & progesterone cause menstrual period Page 509

Prenatal Period Begins from time of fertilization to time of birth Fertilization often occurs in the outer one-third of the oviduct Zygote= fertilized ovum Morula = 3 days after fertilization Blastocyst = once it has reached the uterus Implantation in 10 days Page 523

Prenatal Period Periods of Development Primary germ layers Embryonic phase: 3rd week of fertilization until the end of the 8th week Fetal phase: 9th week to 39th week Primary germ layers Endoderm: inside Lining of organs Thyroid gland Mesoderm: middle Muscle Bones Circulatory system Ectoderm: outer Brain and spinal cord Epidermis of skin

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Birth or Parturition Stages of Labor Stage 1 (6-24hrs) Dilation of the cervix Stage 2 (minutes to 1 hr) Baby exits vagina Stage 3 (15 minutes after delivery of baby) Expulsion of placenta from vagina

Postnatal Period Infancy Childhood Adolescence Birth to 18 months Childhood Infancy to sexual maturity or puberty Adolescence Usually 13-19 years of age Adulthood and Older adulthood Page 533

Effects of Aging Skeletal System Integumentary System Urinary System Osteoarthritis Integumentary System Wrinkles Urinary System Incontinence Respiratory System Respiratory insufficiency Cardiovascular system atherosclerosis Special Senses Vision and hearing issues Page 537