Why Transportation?  Problem  Climate Change, Air Quality, Peak Oil, Congestion  Revolutions  Air, Land, and Water  Systems Integration  City Planning / Carrots & Sticks  Technology  Electric / Grid Systems / Natural Gas / Biodiesel

Transportation Environment – Sustainability – Climate Change – Air Quality – Peak Oil Technology – Transportation Revolutions – Vehicle efficiency factors – Tesla Motors Design – 53 miles per burrito

Transportation Environmental – Sustainability (show) – Climate Change (know) – Air Quality (show) – Peak Oil (read + share) Technology – Transportation Revolutions (research) – Vehicle efficiency factors (teach + participate) – Tesla Motors (tour) Design – 53 miles per burrito (do)

Environment – Sustainability – Climate Change – Air Quality – Peak Oil

Sustainable transportation  Definition difficult

Nonsustainable Transportation  Diminishing petroleum reserves  Global atmospheric impacts  Local air quality impacts  Congestion  Noise  Level of mobility  Others  Biological impacts  Crash fatalities and injuries  Equity

CO2 emissions/mile/passenger  Air lbs of CO2e  Car/Truck lbs CO2e  Bus lbs CO2e  Train lbs CO2e

30 kg CO2 per passenger

Air Transportation

Hauling

Peak Oil

CO2 tons/person/year  U.S. – 24.3  Japan – 10.7  EU – 10.6  China – 3.9  India – 1.9  World Average – 5.6

Technology – Transportation Revolutions – Vehicle efficiency factors

Recipe for a revolution  Capital investment  Shinkansen  Government support  Cars WWII - Call to sacrifice  Technology Transfer / Creation  Mach 0.8 (609 mph)  The big “E”  Tesla Motors  Crisis  Peak Oil

Is it a revolution?  Scale  Speed  Efficiency  Accessibility

Performance Factors

Performance factors How will you figure out the fuel efficiency of the vehicle without driving it? What variables will go into the equation/mathematical model?  Mass  Aerodynamics  Rolling Resistance  Engine/Fuel/Components

Aerodynamics

Drag coefficient  The average modern automobile achieves a drag coefficient of between 0.30 and  Drag coefficient x Frontal area = drag area

Rolling Resistance (rolling friction)  5-15% of fuel used to overcome RR  Which contributes less RR?  Rubber vs Steel?  Concrete vs Sand?  Big or small wheel?  Mechanical energy transferring to?

Rolling Resistance (rolling friction)  Factors  Deformation of surface & object (hysteresis)  Wheel radius  Surface adhesion  Relative micro-sliding

Rolling Resistance (rolling friction)

Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007

Engine/Fuel/Components  Engine Thermodynamic efficiency  What percent of fuel energy becomes kinetic?  Mechanical friction (transmission losses, etc.)  Components  Air Conditioner  Power Steering  Cooling  Electrical Systems

Boeing 787  Improvements?  Aerodynamics (15,000 hrs of wind tunnel testing)  Mass (Carbon fiber)  Engine (20% less emissions)

Fuel Efficiency  What other factors influence?  Speed  Terrain  Others?

Fuel Sources  Gasoline  Diesel  Biodiesel  Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)  Electricity

Oil

Using fuel  How do we put the fuel to work?  Combustion

New technology

New Technology

Research  H3 vs Smartcar

Revolutions  Teach the basics of each one  Students then pick one and learn more about it.

Quick Facts  2007 – Americans purchased more than 330,000 hybrid automobiles

Design  Lets take a closer look at biofuels.  53 miles per burrito

Relation to humans and bicycles  Metabolism  Fitness level  Bike wheels  Terrain  Gearing