1. 1 MET 12 Global Warming: Lecture 12 Transportation Shaun Tanner Outline:   Energy use   Petroleum   Hybrid   Electric   Fuel Cell   Biofuels

2. My life compared to my parents will be 1.Much better 2.Better 3.Same 4.Worse

3. Figure 7.1 Worldwide greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption, from various sources (Part 1)

4. Figure 7.1 Worldwide greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption, from various sources (Part 2) 120x10 18 cal/yr ~54 kWh per person per day (7 billion people)

5. Figure 7.2 Past and predicted petroleum dependence

6. Figure 7.3 Energy usage ~250 kWh/p/day ~145 kWh/p/day ~54 kWh/p/day ~47 kWh/p/day

7. Figure 7.4 Petroleum output (10 15 calories day –1 ) from different regions

8. How important is transportation to greenhouse gas emissions?

9. Figure 7.5 Prices of fossil fuels in constant 2006 U.S. dollars per gigacalories (10 9 ) or megawatt- hours (10 6 )

10. Figure 7.10 Greenhouse gas emissions in carbon equivalents (10 9 metric tons C per year) from different human activities

11. Figure 7.17 Roads, vehicles, and traffic in the United States

12. 12 Transportation  Transportation is large percentage of greenhouse gas emissions.  Most transportation uses petroleum.  Transportation use has increased globally.  Reducing transportation emissions is high priority but challenging.  At some point, oil demand will be larger than supply (peak oil)

13. Cost of fuel can be used to alter behavior

14. Figure 7.19 Gasoline and diesel fuel costs ($U.S. per liter) in 2006

15. Figure 7.19 Gasoline and diesel fuel costs ($U.S. per liter) in 2006 (Part 1) US: $2.50 / gallon Iran: $.45 / gallon

16. Figure 7.19 Gasoline and diesel fuel costs ($U.S. per liter) in 2006 (Part 2) Australia: $3.70 / gallon

17. Figure 7.19 Gasoline and diesel fuel costs ($U.S. per liter) in 2006 (Part 3) UK: $6.25 / gallon

18. Figure 7.20 Percentage of total state revenues that derives from taxes on fuels (Part 1)

19. Figure 7.20 Percentage of total state revenues that derives from taxes on fuels (Part 2)

24. National policies appear to shape fuel economy more than transportation technology

25. Figure 7.25 Fuel efficiency in the United States as a function of vehicle weight

26. Figure 7.27 Current (solid) and pending (dashed) governmental regulations on fuel efficiency standards for passenger vehicles

27. 27 Activity  Compare the cost of driving a car in the USA versus Denmark  Consider annual costs assuming a new car lasts 10 years.

28. The annual cost of operating a car in Denmark compared to the US is 1.About the same 2.About double the cost 3.About four times the cost 4.About half the cost 5.About a fourth of the cost

29. 29  Average car costs $20,000 or $2000 per year  Insurance costs $500 per year  Average # of miles is 10,000 per year –USA: $4.00/gallon: –USA: 25 miles/gallon –USA: 400 gallons = $1600 per year –USA: Fees= (9% tax, $1300 purchase, $100 reg/yr): $400/yr –USA Total (per year): $4500 per year –Denmark: $5.93/gallon –Denmark: 45 miles/gallon –Denmark: 222 gallons=$1300 per year –Denmark: Fees= (25% tax, $21000 purchase, $600 reg/yr): $3200/yr –Denmark Total (per year): $7000 per year

30. What is the most efficient form of transportation?

31. Figure 7.28 Greenhouse gas emissions for various modes of transportation

32. Figure 7.30 Number of people in the United States who travel to work via different modes of transportation

33. 33 Mitigation  Reduce transportation –Alternative methods (public transport, bike, walk)  Improve efficiency –Lighter cars, less power, electric engines  Use alternative energy –Fuel cell –Biofuels

34. Hydrogen Fuel Cell

35. 35

36. Figure 7.36 Current sources of hydrogen and uses of hydrogen

37. Biofuels

38. Figure 7.47 Locations of processing facilities for bioethanol in the United States

39. Figure 7.55 Net greenhouse gas emissions for ethanol Use more energy than gas Use less energy than gas

40. Electric Cars

41. What is the least energy efficient way to get to Los Angeles from SF? 1.Bicycle 2.Auto – Sedan (single passenger) 3.Auto – Sedan (multiple passengers) 4.Airplane

42. What emits the least amount of CO2 per mile 1.Bicycle 2.Electric auto 3.Depends on the type of electricity 4.Depends on the type of food one eats to power the bicycle 5.3 and 4 are correct.