Life-Span Development Twelfth Edition

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Kathleen Stassen Berger Prepared by Madeleine Lacefield Tattoon, M.A. 1 Part I Prenatal Development and Birth Chapter Four From Zygote to Newborn Risk.
Advertisements

Prenatal Development and Birth
Chapter 3: Prenatal Development and Birth Teratogens: Hazardous to the Baby’s Health By Kati Tumaneng (for Drs. Cook & Cook)
Chapter 3: Prenatal Development and Birth ©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
May 22, 2014 Why do you think a mother’s health is important to a fetus during pregnancy?
Prenatal Development & Birth Chapter 3. Conception Strategies – The old fashioned way – In vitro – Surrogate – Artificial insemination Following ovulation,
Pregnancy and Childbirth. The Beginning of the Life Cycle Fertilization or Conception the process of the sperm cell joining with the egg. This process.
Chapter 4: Prenatal Development and Birth
PREGNANCY AND CHILDBIRTH. Beginning of life 1. Fertilization: Unite egg and sperm— becomes zygote 2.Implantation: zygote reaches uterus in 4-5 days and.
Pregnancy. The Beginning of the Life Cycle Fertilization/Conception  The process of sperm meeting with an egg in the Fallopian tube  Once an egg is.
Chapter 4 BIRTH © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 2 – Biological Beginnings
Chapter 4 Prenatal Development and Birth. Chapter 4- Prenatal Development Time of fastest development Conception –Ova (eggs) travels from ovary to uterus.
Chapter 4: Prenatal development, birth, and newborns’ readiness for life. Dr. Pelaez.
Prenatal Development and Birth
Prenatal Development, Birth, and the Newborn
Life-Span Human Development, Fifth Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. Rider Chapter 4 Chapter 4 Prenatal Development and Birth.
Chapter 20 Lesson 1 Prenatal Development and Care
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Canada4-1 Chapter 4: Prenatal Development and Birth 4.1 From Conception to Birth 4.2 Influences on Prenatal Development.
Chapter 3: Prenatal Development and Birth ©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Pregnancy.
04-PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT AND BIRTH. Prenatal development.
© 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Children Birth 4.
 Sexual intercourse- the reproductive process in which the penis is inserted into the vagina and through which a new human life nay begin.  Embryo-
PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT AND BIRTH How did you develop before birth?
AMNIOTIC SAC.
Prenatal Development and Birth
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 1 John W. Santrock Prenatal Development 4.
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 4 Prenatal Development and Birth
Chapter 19 Prenatal Development and Birth
Stages of Prenatal Development
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 1 John W. Santrock Birth 4.
Children Birth 4. Childbirth Setting And Attendants 99% of U.S. births occur in hospitals Other options –Freestanding birth center, home delivery Who.
Prenatal Development And Birth Chapter 3 © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized.
© 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Children Prenatal Development 3.
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 12 Pregnancy & Childbirth.
Lecture Outline Periods of Prenatal Development –Period of the zygote –Period of the embryo –Period of the fetus Teratogens –General Principles –Cigarette.
Pregnancy. Passing on your DNA ogram_adv.html# ogram_adv.html#
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 1 John W. Santrock Birth 5.
Germination Stages of Prenatal Development  Neonates.
Chapter 4: Prenatal Development, Birth, and the Newborn Module 4.1 From Conception to Birth Module 4.2 Influences on Prenatal Development Module 4.3 Happy.
Copyright © 2010, Pearson Education Inc., All rights reserved.  Prepared by Katherine E. L. Norris, Ed.D.  West Chester University This multimedia product.
PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT AND BIRTH. Prenatal Environment Reciprocal influence Person and environment Good and bad influences important Teratogen: Environmental.
The Very Beginning.
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 1 John W. Santrock Prenatal Development 4.
Prenatal Development And Birth Chapter 3 © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized.
Lecture Outline Conception Periods of Prenatal Development –Period of the zygote –Period of the embryo –Period of the fetus.
PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT AND BIRTH
Fundamentals of Lifespan Development
CHAPTER 4 PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT.
Prenatal Development and Care (2:38) Click here to launch video Click here to download print activity.
Prenatal and Neonatal. Prenatal Development Prenatal development lasts approximately 38 weeks from conception to birth. Three periods of development:
Prenatal Development and Care (2:38) Click here to launch video Click here to download print activity.
CHAPTER 5 Birth. EXPLORING THE BIRTH PROCESS STAGES OF BIRTH: First stage lasts 12 to 24 hours with uterine contractions beginning. Second stage – Baby’s.
CHAPTER 3 PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT AND BIRTH Lecture prepared by Dr. M. Sawhney.
Pregnancy and Childbirth Human Sexuality Workbook Ch. 5 Pg.63 Fertilization: the union of a single sperm and an ovum (egg).
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner.
GENETICS AND PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
PSYC 206 Lifespan Development Bilge Yagmurlu.
Prenatal Development and Birth
Chapter 4: Prenatal Development and Birth
Prenatal Development, Pregnancy, and Birth
Avoiding Dangers to the Baby
Prenatal Development and Birth
Chapter 4: Risk Reduction
The Very Beginning.
Pregnancy and Childbirth Human Sexuality Workbook Ch. 5 Pg.63
Presentation transcript:

Life-Span Development Twelfth Edition CHAPTER 3: PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT AND BIRTH ©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Prenatal Development Conception occurs when a single sperm cell from the male unites with an ovum (egg) Prenatal development is divided into 3 periods and lasts approximately 266-280 days: Germinal period: first 2 weeks after conception, zygote created Embryonic period: occurs from 2 to 8 weeks after conception Fetal period: begins 2 months after conception and lasts until birth ©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Prenatal Development Germinal Period: period of development that takes place the first two weeks after conception Rapid cell division by the zygote Blastocyst: group of cells after about 1 week Trophoblast: outer layer of cells that later provides nutrition and support for the embryo Implantation: attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall; occurs 10 to 14 days after conception ©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Prenatal Development ©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Prenatal Development Embryonic Period: development from 2 to 8 weeks after conception Begins when blastocyst attaches to uterine wall Mass of cells is now called an embryo Three layers of cells: endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm Amnion: a bag that contains a clear fluid (amniotic fluid) in which the embryo floats Umbilical Cord: connects the baby to the placenta Placenta: group of tissues containing mother and baby’s intertwined blood vessels Organogenesis: process of organ formation during the first two months of prenatal development ©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Prenatal Development ©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Prenatal Development Fetal Period: development from two months after conception to birth Rapid growth and change Viability: the age at which a fetus has a chance of surviving outside the womb Currently 24 weeks; changes with advances in medical technology ©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Prenatal Development The Brain: Babies have approximately 100 billion neurons (nerve cells) at birth Architecture of the brain takes shape during the first two trimesters Increases in connectivity and functioning occur from the third trimester to 2 years of age Neural tube develops 18 to 24 days after conception Anencephaly Spina bifida ©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Prenatal Development The Brain: Neurogenesis: the generation of new neurons Begins at fifth prenatal week and continues throughout prenatal period Neuronal migration: cells move outward from their point of origin to their appropriate locations Occurs approximately 6 to 24 weeks after conception ©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Hazards to Prenatal Development Teratogen: any agent that can cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behavioral outcomes Drugs (prescription, nonprescription) Incompatible blood types Environmental pollutants Infectious diseases Nutritional deficiencies Maternal stress Advanced age of parent ©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Hazards to Prenatal Development Severity of damage to the unborn depends on: Dose Genetic susceptibility Time of exposure Critical period: a fixed time period during which certain experiences or events can have a long-lasting effect on development ©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Hazards to Prenatal Development ©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Hazards to Prenatal Development Prescription and Non-prescription Drugs: Many women are given drugs while pregnant Some are safe; some can cause devastating birth defects Known prescription teratogens include antibiotics, some antidepressants, some hormones, and Accutane Non-prescription teratogens include aspirin and diet pills ©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Hazards to Prenatal Development Psychoactive Drugs: drugs that act on the nervous system to alter states of consciousness, modify perceptions, and change moods Includes caffeine, alcohol, nicotine Caffeine: small risk of miscarriage and low birth weight for those consuming more than 150 mg. daily Increased risk of fetal death for those consuming more than 300 mg. daily FDA recommends not consuming caffeine or consuming it sparingly ©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Hazards to Prenatal Development Alcohol: Fetal alcohol syndrome: abnormalities in newborn due to mother’s heavy use of alcohol in pregnancy Facial deformities Defective limbs, face, heart Most have below-average intelligence; some are mentally retarded Even light to moderate drinking during pregnancy has been associated with negative effects on the fetus FDA recommends no alcohol consumption during pregnancy ©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Hazards to Prenatal Development Nicotine: Maternal smoking can negatively influence prenatal development, birth, and postnatal development Associated with: Preterm births and low birth weight Fetal and neonatal death Respiratory problems SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome) ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) ©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Hazards to Prenatal Development Illegal drugs that harm during pregnancy: Cocaine Methamphetamine Marijuana Heroin Incompatible blood types (Rh factor) Can cause mother’s immune system to produce antibodies that will attack the fetus ©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Hazards to Prenatal Development Environmental hazards: Radiation Environmental pollutants and toxic wastes Maternal Diseases: Sexually transmitted diseases (syphilis, genital herpes, AIDS) Rubella Diabetes ©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Hazards to Prenatal Development Maternal factors: Maternal diet and nutrition Maternal age Emotional states and stress Paternal factors: Exposure to teratogens Paternal age ©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Prenatal Care Prenatal care typically includes: Screening for manageable conditions and treatable diseases Medical care Educational, social, and nutritional services Centering Pregnancy: relationship-centered program Importance of prenatal care ©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Percentage of U.S. Women Using Timely Prenatal Care: 1990 to 2004 100 1990 90 2004 80 70 60 50 Percentage 40 30 20 10 African American women Non-Latino White women Latino women ©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Birth Process Three stages of birth: Stage 1: uterine contractions begin at 15 to 20 minutes apart and last up to 1 minute, becoming closer and more intense with time Causes the cervix to stretch and open to about 10 cm This stage lasts an average of 12 to 14 hours Stage 2: baby’s head begins to move through dilated cervix opening and eventually emerges from the mother’s body This stage lasts approximately 45 minutes Stage 3: umbilical cord, placenta, and other membranes are detached and expelled (afterbirth) ©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Birth Process Childbirth Setting and Attendants: 99% of deliveries take place in hospitals Home delivery or freestanding birth center Compared to doctors, midwives: Typically spend more time than doctors counseling and educating patients Provide more emotional support Are typically present during the entire labor and delivery process Doulas provide continuous physical, emotional, and educational support for mother before, during, and after childbirth ©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Methods of Childbirth Key choices involve use of medication and when to have a cesarean delivery Typical pain medication: Analgesia: pain relief Anesthesia: blocks sensation in an area of the body (can also block consciousness) Epidural block Oxytocics: synthetic hormones used to stimulate contractions ©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Methods of Childbirth Natural childbirth: aims to reduce pain by decreasing fear and using breathing/relaxation techniques Prepared childbirth (Lamaze): special breathing techniques; education about anatomy and physiology Basic belief is that, when information and support are provided, women know how to give birth ©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Methods of Childbirth Other natural techniques used to reduce pain: Waterbirth: giving birth in a tub of warm water Massage Acupuncture: insertion of very fine needles into specific locations in the body Hypnosis: the induction of a psychological state of altered attention and awareness Music therapy: utilizes music to reduce stress and manage pain ©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Methods of Childbirth Cesarean Delivery: the baby is removed from the mother’s uterus through an incision made in the abdomen Often used if baby is in breech position or other complications arise Cesareans involve a higher infection rate, longer hospital stays, and a longer recovery time Rate of cesarean births has increased dramatically in recent years Better identification of complications Increase in overweight and obese mothers Extra caution by doctors to avoid lawsuits ©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Transition from Fetus to Newborn Birth process is stressful for baby Anoxia: a condition in which the fetus has an insufficient supply of oxygen Baby secretes adrenaline and noradrenalin, hormones that are secreted in stressful circumstances Measuring neonatal health and responsiveness: Apgar Scale: assessed at 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth evaluates heart rate, body color, muscle tone, respiratory effort, and reflex irritability 10 is highest, 3 or below indicates an emergency ©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Transition from Fetus to Newborn ©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Transition from Fetus to Newborn Measuring neonatal health and responsiveness: Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS): Typically performed within 24–36 hours after birth Assesses newborn’s neurological development, reflexes, and reactions to people and objects Low scores can indicate brain damage or other difficulties Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS): Provides a more comprehensive analysis of newborn’s behavior, neurological and stress responses, and regulatory capacities Assesses the “at-risk” infant ©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Preterm and Low Birth Weight Infants Preterm and Small-for-Date Infants: Low birth weight infants weigh less than 5 ½ lbs. at birth Preterm infants are those born three weeks or more before full term Small-for-date infants are those whose birth weight is below normal when the length of the pregnancy is considered Rate of preterm births has increased Number of births to mothers 35 years and older Rates of multiple births Management of maternal and fetal conditions Substance abuse Stress ©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Preterm and Low Birth Weight Infants Causes of low birth weight: Poor health and nutrition Cigarette smoking Adolescent births Use of drugs Multiple births/reproductive technology Improved technology and prenatal care ©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Preterm and Low Birth Weight Infants Possible consequences: Language development delays Lower IQ scores Brain injury Lung or liver diseases More behavioral problems Learning disabilities ADHD Breathing problems (asthma) Approximately 50% are enrolled in special education programs ©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Preterm and Low Birth Weight Infants Some effects can be improved with: Early speech therapy Intensive enrichment programs Kangaroo care, massage therapy, and breast feeding Kangaroo Care: treatment for preterm infants that involves skin to skin contact Massage: research conducted by Tiffany Field ©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Preterm and Low Birth Weight Infants ©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Postpartum Period Postpartum period lasts about six weeks or until the mother’s body has completed its adjustment and has returned to a nearly pre-pregnant state Physical Adjustments: Fatigue Hormone changes Return to menstruation Involution: process by which the uterus returns to its pre-pregnant size 5–6 weeks after birth Weight loss/return to exercise ©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Postpartum Period Emotional and Psychological Adjustments: Emotional fluctuations are common “Baby Blues” experienced by 70% of new mothers in the U.S. Typically resolves in 1–2 weeks, without treatment Postpartum Depression Excessive sadness, anxiety, and despair that lasts for two weeks or longer Experienced by 10% of new mothers Hormonal changes after birth may play a role May affect mother–child interactions ©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Percentage of U.S. Women Who Experience Postpartum Blues and Postpartum Depression Postpartum blues: symptoms appear 2 to 3 days after delivery and subside within 1 to 2 weeks 10% 70% 20% No symptoms Postpartum depression: symptoms linger for weeks or months and interfere with daily functioning ©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Postpartum Period A Father’s Adjustment: Many fathers feel that the baby gets all of the mother’s attention Parents should set aside time to be together Father’s reaction is improved if he has taken childbirth classes and is an active participant in the baby’s care ©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Bonding Bonding: the formation of a connection, especially a physical bond, between parents and the newborn in the period shortly after birth Isolation of premature babies and use of drugs in birth process may harm bonding process Bonding may be a critical component in the child’s development However, close contact in the first few days may not be necessary Most hospitals offer a rooming-in arrangement while mother and child are in the hospital ©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.