1. Prenatal Development and Birth
Chapter 4

2. Germinal Period
Embryonic Period
Prenatal Stages

3. The Brain at 4 stages of development: showing hindbrain, midbrain and forebrain.

5. Prenatal Environment
Teratogens: Any disease, drug, or other environmental agent that can harm a developing fetus.

6. The critical periods of prenatal development
The critical periods of prenatal development. Teratogens are more likely to produce major structural abnormalities during the third through the eighth prenatal week.

7. Some Drugs Taken by the Mother that Affects the Fetus or Newborn.

8. Characteristic Features of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

9. Maternal Disease and Condition that may affect an Embryo, Fetus, or Newborn.

10. State of Parents Mother Father Age Emotional Condition
Nutritional Condition
Children of older fathers more like to have…
Congenital hear defects
Neural tube defects
Kidney problems
Down Syndrome
Exposure to environmental toxins can also affect a child, because toxins can damage genetic material in the sperm.

11. Perinatal Environment
The environment surrounding birth
Possible Hazards
Anoxia (AKA Asphyxia) – oxygen shortage.
Breech presentation
Cesarean Section
Postpartum Depression

12. Neonatal Environment Breast vs Bottle
Breastfeeding consider the most natural form of nutrition for newborn and health benefits for mothers
However, many women still choose to bottle.
Several reasons are mention, but the biggest factors is low socioeconomic and less education.
Other contributors to not breastfeeding
Working outside the home
Cultural norms (not as common in the U.S. compared to other countries.
Black mothers less likely than white mothers.
Hispanic women more likely to breastfeed when living in home country, but longer they live in US less likely to nurse. Why do you think this occurs?

13. Identifying At-Risk Newborns
A few infants will be considered at risk for either short-term or long-term problems because of genetic defects, prenatal hazards, or perinatal damage.
Low birth weight
Premature birth

14. Identifying At-Risk Newborns
APGAR Scale