Working, Living and Health Conditions - Legal and Illegal Migrant Workers, the Czech Republic ECRP Eurocores, February 21-22, 2008 Irish School of Ecumenics, Dublin „Trafficking for forced labor in industries other than the sex industry across Europe“ Dušan DRBOHLAV and Dagmar DZÚROVÁ

STRUCTURE OF THE PRESENTATION Migratory situation in the Czech Republic Main aims of the project Create Data sets Data from the Directorate of Foreign and Border Police (Foreign Police), Police database Non-representative questionnaire surveys (own empirical research) Analyses of basic characteristics 1. Reasons for migration 2. Working, living and health conditions 3. Satisfaction with conditions

Knowledge of the trends for forced labor, including countries of origin The Czech Republic has quickly become a country of destination and transit - inward migration changing demographic structure. New situation: in December The Czech Republic joined the „Schengen“ – no internal borders!!! Legal migration, the Czech Republic Illegal / Irregular migration, the Czech Republic (official numbers)

Legal migration, the Czech Republic Immigration and transit country – similar migratory patterns to western developed destination countries Cca 400,000 immigrants – 4 % of population Economic reasons highly dominate Temporary/circulatory movements Main source regions: - CEE countries (Slovakia) - Post-Soviet countries (Ukraine) - South-East Asia (Vietnam) - Poland 3,000 of asylum applications (2006)

Illegal migration, the Czech Republic (official numbers) Official numbers in 2006 (Ministry of Interior, Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs): 11,488 illegal immigrants – 38 % illegal border-crossing – 62 % violation of residence regime – Ukrainians, Vietnamese, Poles, Russians, Chinese 3,788 immigrants in illegal or undocumented employment – Slovaks and Ukrainians… Estimates: Between 40, ,000 illegal immigrants (stock) Probable main source countries - Ukraine, Vietnam, Moldavia, Russia, Belorussia

Main aims of the project Qualitative (interviewS/25 in-depth) and quantitative (questionnaireS) research as well as a health perspective. The research covers origin, destination and transit aspects. To collect own data on migrants – countries of origin, industries in which forced labor occurs etc. To make comparison among different immigration groups To develop frameworks for analysis of the police data – to create own regression (explanatory) models To provide policy recommendations

Basic Data Sets Official Police Data Set, CR (2005-1/2 2007) 1. Cases of detention by immigrant officers (N=31 257) Non-representative questionnaire surveys: 2. Respondents - Legal migrant workers (N=126) 3. Respondents - Illegal migrant workers (N=159) Combination - Linked file (N=285)

1. DATA SET – Official data (N=31 257) Database „Illegal entrance and stay of persons in the CR in 2005, 2006, 2007 (first half of the year)“ A possibility to make use of official data on illegal migration of the Directorate of Foreign and Border Police Grant project: „Trafficking for forced labor in industries other than the sex industry, the case of the Czech Republic“

31,257 persons – illegal migrants caught 1,2 – 1,7 of migrants per one act/case Almost 50 % of illegal migrants caught in interior (breaking a law on foreigners´ stay) Crossing the state borders – „illegal outflow“ from the CR dominates (over inflows) Decrease of caught foreigners over time Some caught foreigners are those who break the law on foreignes´ stay … Main results - 1

Citizenship Obviously citizens of Ukraine (almost 50 %) dominate, followed by Russians, Vietnamese and Chinese (6-7%) Citizens of the Czech Republic, Poland and Germany - smugglers! Average age by citizenship „Older“ Western and South Eastern Europe versus „younger“ Africa and Asia Main results - 2

Illegal migration - regional patterns A capital city of Prague ( % of all caught illegal migrants), border zone of Northern and Southern Bohemia (up to 10 %) Illegal migration by season three most important peaks the end of the old and very beginning of the new year - Citizens of Russia and China, citizens of the Czech Republic and Poland – winter tourist season March/April – citizens of Ukraine, Russia, China, Moldova and Bulgaria July/August – citizens of Germany, Poland and the Czech Republic – summer tourist season Main results - 3

Changes of the regime after the accession to the EU, e.g. Dublin system Decreasing numbers of illegal migrants over time, no „big jumps“ … Regarding many selected migratory categories - Ukrainians clearly dominate smugglers, repeated entrances, false documents Younger age structure as compared to legal migrants Illegal stays in interior (55-60 %) Seasonal character of illegal migration Conclusion

Illegal migrants caught in the CR by months 2005 – first half of 2007

2. DATA SET – Illegal migrant workers (N=159) Two rounds of non-representative questionnaire survey (2005, 2007) 1st round (Prague area)- Post-Soviet irregulars (n=69) - East Asian irregulars (n=15) 2nd round (other regions)- Post-Soviet irregulars (n=66) - Vietnamese irregulars (n=14) – Post-Soviet (n=135) - Asian (n=24)

FORMS OF ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION TO THE CR

REASONS FOR ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION Scale: 1=absolutely unimportant reason to 5=very important reason Economic Psychological

Vietnamese Scale: 1=absolutely unimportant reason to 5=very important reason Political Environmental Economic Environmental Political Family Psychol. REASONS FOR ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION BY EDUCATIONAL LEVEL Post-Soviet

PERCEPTION OF NEGATIVE FACTORS OF ILLEGAL ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES Post-SovietVietnamese Very important Unimportant Client system“ important phenomenon among Post-Soviet immigrants Case study: Legal vs. Illegal immigrants Workplace exploitation

Case study: Legal vs. Illegal immigrants Scale: 1= poor satisfaction to 5= high satisfaction Satisfaction with work Satisfaction with accommodation Flea market

Case study: Legal vs. Illegal immigrants Inequality in health/human right Scale: 1= poor satisfaction to 5= high satisfaction

Case study: Legal vs. Illegal immigrants Adj. OR of SRH

CONCLUSION Migrants´ irregular economic activities can not be neglected when evaluating the migration situation in the Czech Republic Economic reasons dominate among immigrants, mainly among Ukrainians. On the other hand, family and psychological reasons are often important for Vietnamese Illegal migrants perceive their situation worse than those who stay legally in the country. Accordingly, Ukrainians are heavily hit by the existing exploitative „client system“. Results showed us that there are similar patterns of migrants´ irregular economic activities like in many other western developed countries. However, the client system seems to be rather specific and unique.

Thank you for your attention The research project done for: Eurocores, GA CR CRP/06/E001 and MSM of the Ministry of Education, CR