Chapter 1 - Theoretical Foundations Dee Lee Smith – ETEC 562

Do these apply to Educational Technology?

Educational Technology? The text’s definition: “Any technology used by educators in support of the teaching and learning process.”

Studying Educational Technology International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE) National Educational Technology Standards for Teachers (NETS-T) -”The world is different. Kids are different...learning is different...and teaching must be different too.”

Instruction using Educational Technology Instructional events include everything needed and created by teachers to facilitate the transfer of learning The learning environment is made up of the physical and non-physical aspects of where instruction takes place Teachers use educational technology as a tool to create effective instructional events

Learning Theories: Diverse theories give explanation of how we learn Offer different perspectives Some contradict each other Which theory do you identify with?

Learning as Communication Both teachers and learners as individuals are affected by: - Personal filters - Environmental variables - Psychological factors All of these can change the message of communication

Learning Theories Environmental Factors Any factors that cause the learner to become disengaged from participation Can cause a distorted or blocked communication Dim lighting, excessive movement, and uncomfortable temperatures

Learning Theories Psychological Factors Emotions when message is sent Learning styles that are not addressed by sender Individual preferences

Learning Theories Personal Filters Personal values, cultural heritage, and social belief system Both sender and receiver are influenced by these

Learning Perspectives Behaviorists View all behavior as a response to external stimuli Behavior, skills, and knowledge all occur in response to rewards, punishments, or withheld responses A passive process – learning as a response to the environment Key theorists – Ivan Pavlov, John Watson, & B.F. Skinner

Learning Perspectives Cognitivists Learning as a mental operation Explained as how one thinks Learning is more complex than behaviorist responses Key theorists – Jerome Bruner & David Ansubel

Learning Perspectives Constructivists Knowledge is a constructed element Knowledge can best be learned in a social environment Presently, most influential force in shaping contemporary education Key theorist – Jean Piaget

Learning Perspectives More theorists: Seymour Papert – adapted Piaget’s perspective and applied it to children who were using technology, LOGO Robert Gagne’ – cognitive-constructivist view Lev Vygotsky & Albert Bandura – social- constructivist view

Learning Theories Building Blocks of Effective Teaching Teachers should develop their own style after the learning environment is developed and knowledge of learning theories is studied.

Learning Characteristics Cognitive style Learning style Intelligence

Theory of Multiple Intelligences Each individual possesses some of all of the intelligences, but one or more dominates: -Linguistic-Mathematical -Spatial-Bodily -Interpersonal-Intrapersonal -Naturalistic-Existential -Musical Find out which intelligence you are dominate in at:

Teaching & Learning Teaching is a planned sequence of events Teaching style is usually a function of one’s own personal experiences Always keep in mind the goal of teaching: learning

Teaching and Learning Technology a part of the teaching and learning process - Educational technology includes resources that enhance teaching and learning - This was not always the view - Consistent with the learning theories

Learning and Teaching Teaching and learning work together Holistic planning is the key to effective learning Educational technologies selected after planning completed to enhance instruction

A Brief Educational Technology Timeline Audiovisual movement – 1900’s - early movies Thomas Edison says “Books will soon be obsolete in schools” – He also predicted the movie projector would replace teachers Slides, radio, sound recordings – 1920’s & 1930’s

Technology Timeline (cont.) Television – 1950’s CAI 1950’s & 1960’s View of educational technology changed – 1960’s to 1970’s Invention of microcomputer – 1970’s - this helped to redefine and expand educational technology to include all technologies

Technology Timeline (cont.) Educational technology enters the Digital Age – 1980’s

Educational Technology How can we as teachers use technology? How we choose to utilize the technology provided to us is our choice! Holistic view exists as all media and systems that support teaching and learning