Prokaryote Diversity and Biology

I. Classification A. The Original 5 Kingdom system 1. Monera (Prokaryotic, unicellular) 2. Protista (Eukaryotic, unicellular) 3. Fungi (Eukaryotic, uni or multi C) 4. Plantae (Eukaryotic, multicellular) 5. Animalia (Eukaryotic, multicellular)

I. Classification B. The Modern 3-Domain System 1. Archaea - Primitive extremes Prokaryotic 2. Prokarya - Bacteria 3. Eukarya Kingdom Protista Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia

I. Classification C. Comparing Archaea and Bacteria Archaea Bacteria Nucleus?AbsentAbsent Membrane lipidsBranchedUnBranched PeptidoglycanAbsentPresent RNA PolymeraseSeveral kinds 1 kind IntronsPresentAbsent AntibioticNot sensitive Sensitive

II. Prokaryote Origins A. First fossils billion years ago No other life until 1.5 bya

II. Prokaryote Origins B. Original forms appear to have been Anaeorbic

III. Prokaryote Structure A. Lack membrane bound nucleus Lack membrane bound organelles

III. Prokaryote Structure B. Basic shapes 1. Cocci - Spherical

III. Prokaryote Structure B. Basic shapes 2. Bacilli - rod shaped

III. Prokaryote Structure B. Basic shapes 3. Spirilla - spiral shaped

III. Prokaryote Structure B. Basic shapes 4. Other terms Staphylo - clusters Strepto - chains Spirochetes - long spirals

III. Prokaryote Structure C. Prokaryote flagellum - movement Protein structure Attached by rotary rings ; uses a propeller movement.

III. Prokaryote Structure D. Short thin extensions - pili (pilus) Sticks bacteria to eachother and other surfaces Sex pili - exchange genes during sexual reproduction

III. Prokaryote Structure E. Endospores - long term dormancy

III. Prokaryote Structure F. Actinomycetes - branching chain colonies

IV. Prokaryote Nourishment A. Autotrophs - make own food Photoautotrophs - photosynthesis Chemoautotrophs - chemosynthesis Hydrogen sulfide

IV. Prokaryote Nourishment B. Heterotrophs Photoheterotrophs - both Chemoheterotrophs - both Saprophytes - feed off the dead Parasites - feed off a living host

V. The Domain Archaea A. Recent Discovery!

V. The Domain Archaea B. Radical Proteins - somewhat mysterious

V. The Domain Archaea C. Cells walls - different chemical components No peptidoglycan

V. The Domain Archaea D. Membranes have unique structure

V. The Domain Archaea E. tRNA has unique structure

V. The Domain Archaea F. Types 1. Euryarcaeota Methanogens - anaerobic Waste material - methane Habitat - swamp bottoms and animal guts

V. The Domain Archaea F. Types Euryarcaeota Halophiles - extreme salty habitats

V. The Domain Archaea F. Types 2. Crenarcaeota Extreme thermophiles

V. The Domain Archaea F. Types 3. Korarchaeota Very little known - recent discovery

VI. The Domain Prokarya (bacteria) A. Bacterial types and classification 1. Proteobacteria Gram-negative Large diverse group

A. Bacterial types and classification 2. Clamydias Gram-negative Parasites in animals Lack peptidoglycan

A. Bacterial types and classification 3. Spirochetes Spiral shape Includes syphilis and Lyme

A. Bacterial types and classification 4. Gram-Positive Bacteria Large diverse group Includes anthrax, botulism staphyococcus and strepto...

A. Bacterial types and classification 5. Actinobacteria Very large – 30 families Bacilli Often filamentous Most harmless – found in soil & plants Exception – Mycobacteria (TB) Many useful – Antibiotic production Dairy products

A. Bacterial types and classification 6. Cyanobacteria Blue-green bacteria Photoautotrophic Aquatic

B. Bacteria and Disease 1. Organisms causing disease - pathogen 2. Germ Theory of Disease Diseases are caused by micro- organisms. Louis Pasteur

3. Bacterial pathogens release poisons These cause disease symptoms Exotoxins - Proteins secreted out most dangerous Botulism, staph infections

B. Bacteria and Disease Endotoxins - components of bacterial cell wall

B. Bacteria and Disease 4. Medical treatment - antibiotics

B. Bacteria and Disease 5. Koch’s Postulates Criteria to prove the causative agent of a disease

B. Bacteria and Disease 4. Koch’s Postulates a. Same pathogen must be found in each victim host b. Pathogen must be isolated from a host and grown in culture c. Cultured pathogen must produce the same disease in an experimental host d. Same pathogen must be isolated from the experimental host after the disease develops.

V. Microbiology techniques A. Aseptic Technique - A standardized procedure for handling, transfering, and culturing micro-organisms

V. Microbiology techniques B. Culturing Bacteria 1. Sterilization 2. Isolation - To isolate a single cell for culturing Provide culture environment Streak plate method Streak with inoculating loop 4 sections Flame loop between

3. Culture media Bacteria grown on agar gel Agar saturated with nutrient media Defined media pure chemicals, exact compostion Complex media - natural sources called broth examples - blood, beef, yeast casein (milk protein) Nutrient broth - prepared mixture Luria broth (lb)

C. Bacterial staining methods Gram stain Primary stain - Gentian violet Makes all bacteria purple 2. Mordant - sets the stain - iodine 3. Decolorization - ethanol gram negative bacteria - lose color gram positive - retain color 4. Counterstain - Safranin (red) gram negative - pink gram positive - deep purple