1. Microbiology
BACTERIA
DAY 1

2. I. Eukaryote vs. Prokaryote
DAY 1

3. DAY 1

4. I. Eukaryote vs. Prokaryote
DAY 1

5. II. The Three Domains
DAY 1

6. II. Bacteria vs. Archaea (vs. Eukarya)
DAY 1

7. II. The Three Domains
DAY 1
Monera

8. III/IV. Classification
DAY 1

9. III. Archaea Classification
1. Euryarchaeota
- methanogens (produce methane)
- thermophiles (high temperatures)
- halophiles (high salt)
DAY 1

10. III. Archaea Classification
2. Crenarchaeota
thermophilic
sulfur dependent
DAY 1

11. III. Archaea Classification
3. Korarchaeota - high temperature hydrothermal environments
DAY 1

12. III. Archaea Classification
4. Nanoarchaeota (contains one species)
one of the smallest organisms in the world
parasitic
- thermophilic
DAY 1

13. III. Bacteria Classification
1. Proteobacteria (gram-negative) - pathogenic parasites - free-living nitrogen fixation
Escherichia coli
DAY 1

14. III. Bacteria Classification
2. Chlamydiae (gram-negative) - obligate intracellular pathogens
Chlamydia trachomatis
DAY 1

15. III. Bacteria Classification
3. Spirochetes (gram-negative) - double membrane - long, corkscrew-shaped cells
Treponema pallidum
DAY 1

16. III. Bacteria Classification
4. Cyanobacteria (gram-negative) - photosynthetic - blue-green bacteria
Tolypothrix sp.
DAY 1

17. III. Bacteria Classification
5. Gram-Positive Bacteria - positive result in gram stain test (purple) - absence of outer membrane - more susceptible to antibiotics
Bacillus anthracis
DAY 1

18. DAY 1

19. V. Gram Staining
- Gram-positive bacteria take up the crystal violet stain used in the test, and then appear to be purple-coloured when seen through a microscope. - This is because the thick peptidoglycan layer in the bacterial cell wall retains the stain after it is washed away from the rest of the sample, in the decolorization stage of the test.
Bacillus anthracis
Tolypothrix sp.
DAY 1

20. V. Gram Staining
- Gram-negative bacteria cannot retain the violet stain after the decolorization step; alcohol used in this stage degrades the outer membrane of gram-negative cells making the cell wall more porous and incapable of retaining the crystal violet stain. - Their peptidoglycan layer is much thinner and sandwiched between an inner cell membrane and a bacterial outer membrane, causing them to take up the counterstain (safranin or fuchsine) and appear red or pink.
DAY 1

21. VI. Cell Shape & Grouping

22. VII. Motility

23. VII. Motility
- Flagella: Most motile bacteria move by the use of flagella (singular, flagellum), rigid structures 20 nm in diameter and µm long, which protrude from the cell surface
- E.g. Salmonella

24. VII. Motility
- Spiraling: Spirochetes have a specialized internal structure known as the axial filament, which is responsible for rotation of the cell in a spiral fashion and consequent locomotion - E.g. Lyme disease

25. VII. Motility
- Gliding: Gliding bacteria all secrete copious slime, but the mechanism that propels the cells is not known - E.g. Disease that affects poultry

26. VIII. Bacterial Reproduction
SEE POSTED NOTES on:
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Binary Fission
Budding
Sporulation
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
D. Gene transfer through conjugation
E. Plasmid transfer through conjugation

27. IX. Antimicrobial Resistance

28. IX. The End of Antibiotics