AKT211 – CAO 01 - Introduction to Computer Organization and Architecture Ghifar Parahyangan Catholic University August 22, 2011 Ghifar Parahyangan Catholic University August 22, 2011

OutlineOutline  What is computer architecture?  What is computer organization?  Computer function & structure  Instruction cycle

ArchitectureArchitecture People about computer architecture : Baer : “The design of the integrated system which provides a useful tool to the programmer”Baer : “The design of the integrated system which provides a useful tool to the programmer” Hayes : “The study of the structure, behavior and design of computers”Hayes : “The study of the structure, behavior and design of computers” Foster : “The art of designing a machine that will be a pleasure to work with”Foster : “The art of designing a machine that will be a pleasure to work with”

Architecture(2)Architecture(2) The different usages of the term: The design of a computer’s CPU architecture, instruction set, addressing modesThe design of a computer’s CPU architecture, instruction set, addressing modes Description of the requirements (especially speeds and interconnection requirements) or design implementation for the various parts of a computer. (such as memory, motherboard, electronic peripherals, or most commonly the CPU)Description of the requirements (especially speeds and interconnection requirements) or design implementation for the various parts of a computer. (such as memory, motherboard, electronic peripherals, or most commonly the CPU) Architecture is often defined as the set of machine attributes that a programmer should understand in order to successfully program the specific computerArchitecture is often defined as the set of machine attributes that a programmer should understand in order to successfully program the specific computer In general, computer architecture refers to attributes of the system visible to a programmer, that have a direct impact on the execution of a program

Architecture vs Organization Architecture is those features/attributes visible to the programmerArchitecture is those features/attributes visible to the programmer –Instruction set, number of bits used for data representation, I/O mechanisms, addressing techniques. –e.g. Is there a multiply instruction? Organization is the hardware implementation of features/attributesOrganization is the hardware implementation of features/attributes –Control signals, interfaces, memory technology. –e.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it done by repeated addition?

Structure & Function Structure : the way in which components are interrelatedStructure : the way in which components are interrelated Function : the operation of individual components as part of the structureFunction : the operation of individual components as part of the structure

Functional View

FunctionFunction Computer main functions : 1.Data processing 2.Data storage 3.Data movement 4.Control

Operation a) Data Movement

Operation b) Storage

Operation c) Processing from/to storage

Operation d) Processing from storage to I/O

Structure – Top Level

Structure – Top Level (2) 1.CPU (Central Processing Unit) –controls the operation of the computer and performs its data processing functions 2.Main Memory –stores data 3.Input/Output (I/O) –moves data between the computer and its external environment 4.System interconnection –mechanism that provides for communication among CPU, main memory, and I/O –transferring data via Bus

Structure – The CPU

Structure – the CPU(2) 1.Control Unit –controls the operation of the CPU 2.Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) –performs the computer’s data processing functions 3.Registers –provides storage internal to the CPU 4.CPU interconnection –mechanism that provides for communication among control unit, ALU, and registers

Structure – the Control Unit

Structure – Top Level Components

Instruction Cycle 2 steps :2 steps : 1.Fetch 2.Execute

Fetch Cycle 1.Program Counter (PC) holds address of next instruction to fetch 2.Processor fetches instruction from memory location pointed to by PC 3.Increment PC unless instructed otherwise 4.Instruction loaded into Instruction Register (IR) 5.Processor interprets instruction and performs required actions

Execute Cycle Processor-memoryProcessor-memory –data transfer between CPU and main memory Processor I/OProcessor I/O –Data transfer between CPU and I/O module Data processingData processing –Some arithmetic or logical operation on data ControlControl –Alteration of sequence of operations, e.g. jump Combination of aboveCombination of above

Instruction Cycle – State Diagram

SummarySummary  What is computer architecture?  What is computer organization?  Computer function & structure 4 main functions of computer 4 main functions of computer the top level structure of computer the top level structure of computer the functions of computer’s basic components the functions of computer’s basic components  Instruction cycle 2 steps 2 steps

Any Question ?

7 Minutes Review What are the differences between computer architecture and organization? Give your own brief and clear explanation.What are the differences between computer architecture and organization? Give your own brief and clear explanation. In your opinion, what is your expectation after studying today’s material ? What are the advantages ?In your opinion, what is your expectation after studying today’s material ? What are the advantages ?

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