1. Chapter 1 Introduction

2. Architecture & Organization 1 Architecture is those attributes visible to the programmer —Instruction set, number of bits used for data representation, I/O mechanisms, addressing techniques. —e.g. Is there a multiply instruction? Organization is how features are implemented —Control signals, interfaces, memory technology. —e.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it done by repeated addition?

3. Architecture & Organization 2 All Intel x86 family share the same basic architecture The IBM System/370 family share the same basic architecture This gives code compatibility —At least backwards Organization differs between different versions

4. Structure & Function Structure is the way in which components relate to each other Function is the operation of individual components as part of the structure

5. Function All computer functions are: —Data processing —Data storage —Data movement —Control

6. Functional View

7. The computer must be able to process data. The data could be in a variety of forms. It is also essential that the computer can store data. The computer could also able to move data between itself and the outside worl. The computer must control the process, storing data and move data.

8. Operations (a) Data movement

9. Operations (b) Storage

10. Operation (c) Processing from/to storage

11. Operation (d) Processing from storage to I/O

12. Structure - Top Level Computer Main Memory Input Output Systems Interconnection Peripherals Communication lines Central Processing Unit Computer

13. Structure - The CPU Computer Arithmetic and Login Unit Control Unit Internal CPU Interconnection Registers CPU I/O Memory System Bus CPU

14. Control Processing Unit: control the operation of the computer and performs its data processing functions, often simply referred to a processor. Main memory : stores data. I/O: moves data between the computer and its external environment. System Interconnection: There should be a mechanism for communication among CPU, main memory, I/O.

15. Structure - The Control Unit CPU Control Memory Control Unit Registers and Decoders Sequencing Login Control Unit ALU Registers Internal Bus Control Unit

16. Major structural components: —Control Unit: controls the operations of the CPU and hence the computers. —ALU: Performs the computer’s data processing functions. —Registers: Provides storage internal to the CPU. —CPU interconnection: probably the best example is bus system.