1. Computer Architecture and Organization
Chapter one

2. Outlines Computer Architecture. Computer Organization.
Difference between them.
Structure and function of computer.

3. Computer Architecture
Definition:
Computer Architecture refer to those attributes that are visible to a programmer. Or
Those attributer that have a direct effect on the logical execution of a program.

4. Computer Architecture(cont..)
Attributes like:
Instruction set.
Number of bits used to represent data.
I/O mechanisms
Addressing techniques.

5. Computer Organization
Organization refers to operational units and their interconnections that realize the architectural specifications.
(Organization is how features are implemented).

6. Computer Organization(cont..)
Attributes are hardware details transparent to programmers
Control signals.
Interface between computer and peripherals.
Memory technology.

7. What is the difference between them?
Architecture is those attributes visible to the programmer
Instruction set, number of bits used for data representation, I/O mechanisms, addressing techniques.
e.g. Is there a multiply instruction?
Organization is how features are implemented
Control signals, interfaces, memory technology.
e.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit or it is perform by repeated addition?
Example:
IBM/370 architecture
different models (organizations)

8. Cont.. All Intel x86 family share the same basic architecture
The IBM System/370 family share the same basic architecture
Organization differs within members of the same family, e.g. floating point numerical co-processors with names like 8087, and With very few exceptions, the and subsequent x86 processors then integrated this x87 functionality on chip.

9. Structure & Function
Computer is a complex system then how can we design/describe it?
Hierarchic system:
A set of interrelated subsystems, each subsystem hierarchic in structure until some lowest level of elementary subsystems is reached
At each level of the system, the designer is concerned with structure and function.

10. Structure & Function (cont..)
Structure is the way in which components relate to each other.
Function is the operation of individual components as part of the structure

11. Function There are four basic computer function: Data processing
Data storage
Data movement
Control

12. Functional view of computer

13. Operations (1) Data movement
Example from keyboard or mouse to the screen

14. Operations (2)
Storage
Example save data to a disk

15. Operations(3) Processing from/to storage
Example updating bank statement

16. Operation(4) Processing from storage to I/O
Example printing a bank statement

17. Structure Four main structural components CPU Main Memory I/O Devices
System Interconnection

18. Structure-Top Level Peripherals computer Communication Lines
Main Memory
Central processing unit
computer
System Interconnection
Input Output
Communication Lines

19. Structure – The CPU CPU Registers computer
Arithmetic and logic unit
computer
I/O
Internal CPU interconnection
CPU
System bus
Memory
Control unit

20. Structure – The Control Unit
Sequencing logic
CPU
Registers
Control unit registers and decoders
Internal bus
Control unit
ALU
Control memory