Don’t Forget! AP Book Talk Dec. 10 and 11--you must summarize the book, answer questions and ask questions. Seminar topics must relate to U.S. History prior to This will be an optional food day!

Post Civil War Reconstruction Began before the end of the war with the occupation of Northern troops in defeated Southern states

Test Essay Reconstruction was a paradox of successes and failures. Comment with specific examples. (AP might ask it this way: To what extent did Reconstruction illustrate a juxtaposition of success and failure?)

Reconstruction Program implemented by the federal government between 1865 and 1877 to repair the damage to the South caused by the Civil War and to restore the southern states to the Union. Consider that American forces have been in Iraq and Afghanistan for Reconstruction just as American forces occupied Germany and Japan after WWII and still occupy South Korea.

Former Secretary of State Colin Powell stated that the rebuilding of Iraq is like shopping in Pottery Barn: “You break it; you buy it.” “The winner cleans up.” (Calabrese house rule)

Reconstruction Terms 1.Reconstruction 2.Freedmen* 3.Radical Republicans 4.Oath of Allegiance 5.Freedmen’s Bureau 6.Carpetbaggers 7.Scalawags 8.Impeachment* 9.Suffrage* 10.Black codes 11.Pardon 12.Infrastructure* 13.Sharecropping* 14.Tenant farming 15.Ku Klux Klan* th Amendment* th Amendment* th Amendment* 19.Jim Crow* 20.Solid South* 21.Martial law* 22.Segregation* 23.De jure* 24.De facto*

Post-War Reconstruction of the South

Atlanta in Ruins

Reconstruction—see film clip Look for positive aspects of postwar Civil War Reconstruction Look for negative aspects of postwar Reconstruction

Point of Views in Reconstruction Northern army Northern politician Southern army Southern politician Southern unionist Southern secessionist Freedman—former slave Free Northern African American Northern press Southern press Former slave owner White southern small farmer who never had slaves Southern women

The Political Extremes   Far Left Moderates Far Right Radicals Reactionaries Lincoln Radical KKK Republicans

Lincoln’s Vision “With malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right, as God gives us the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation’s wounds; to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow, and his orphan—to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace, among ourselves, and with all nations.” (From Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address, March 4, 1865)

Lincoln as Congressman and President

Are You Easily Discouraged? Business failed 1831 Defeated for legislature, nd business failed, 1834 Sweetheart died, 1835 Nervous breakdown,1836 Defeated in local election Defeated for election to Congress, 1843 Defeated again, 1846 Defeated again, 1848 Defeated in election to Senate, 1855 Defeated in Election as Vice- president, 1856 Defeated in election to Senate, 1858 Experienced death of two sons before they reached adulthood Finally elected president in 1860 by half of country and other half seceded to form its own country in a bloody rebellion lasting four years

Last Photograph of President Lincoln

The Death of the President Background on Abe and Mary Mary’s bad press vs. hospital work Ford’s Theater Our American Cousin Booth background Prior attempts and boarding house plans April 14, 1865 “Sic Semper Tyrannus” Dr. Samuel Mudd Mary Surratt “Now he belongs to the ages.” Mrs. Lincoln and son

Mary Todd Lincoln “Does this dress make me look fat?”

Weird Coincidences Lincoln’s depression—death of sons & marriage Lincoln’s son and Wilkes’ brother Lincoln’s dream His secretary Mary’s interests in occult Conspiracy theories Funeral and burial Connections to Kennedy assassination

Ford’s Theatre

Assassination of Lincoln

A Family of Actors

Dr. Mudd: Conspirator?

Surratt Boarding House

The “Conspirators” were Hanged

Books Assassination Vacation by Sarah Vowell Team of Rivals by Doris Kearns Goodwin The Lincoln Conspiracy by Balsiger and Sellier Booth’s Daughter

Types of Reconstruction Southern Political Presidential—Johnson’s efforts to fulfill Lincoln’s vision Congressional—dominated by Radical Republicans

Views of Reconstruction Lincoln had a moderate view Johnson tried to fulfill Lincoln’s moderate view but was distrusted by Northerners, Southerners, Democrats and Republicans The Radical Republicans had a radical view The Southern Democrats had a conservative/reactionary view Most of the country just wanted to clean up the South and get the military out asap

President Andrew Johnson

Radical Republicans Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner

Emancipation

Which is worse: freedom or slavery?

Southern Economic Problems

The Northern Occupation

Martial Law

Freedmen’s Bureau

Carpetbaggers and Scalawags

Military Districts

Southern Legislation Before Civil War: Slave Codes Movements restricted Assembly restricted Education restricted Jobs restricted Housing restricted Laws restricted Religious worship restricted Citizenship denied Voting denied Soon After Civil War: Black Codes Movements restricted Assembly restricted Education restricted Jobs restricted Housing restricted Laws restricted Religious worship restricted Citizenship denied Voting denied

Impeachment of Johnson

“The political death of the bogus Caesar”

Suffrage

Post-War Congress

The Klan

Thomas Nast Cartoonist known for controversial topics

Sharecropping

From plantations to sharecropping

“Exodusters”

U.S. Grant

Election of Rutherford B. Hayes Compromise of 1877 Called “Rutherfraud”by political opponents

“African American history… is filled with many cruel ironies. Following the Civil War, thousands of skilled Black tradesmen were forced to abandon finely honed skills to become servants. During slavery, many Blacks worked at crafts and became masters. Entire families of slaves were engaged in highly skilled trades, one generation after another. Beyond farm labor, male Blacks were trained as ironworkers, carpenters, wheelwrights, coopers, tanners, shoemakers and bakers.

“As for female slaves, they were capable of more than household chores. Many were skilled at sewing, spinning, weaving, dressmaking, potter, nursing, and midwifery. Upon emancipation, Black artisans became a threat to White workers.

“When freed Black tradesmen… were thrown into competition with White workers, there was often open social conflict. White workers, in both the South and north, reacted violently. They wouldn’t permit one of their own to be displaced by a Black worker, regardless of how skilled he might be. Despite their newfound freedom, few employers risked hiring skilled Blacks, regardless of how cheap they’d work, for fear of reprisals by White workers.

African-American historian E. F. Frazier found that at the end of the Civil War there were approximately 100,000 skilled Black tradesmen in the South as compared with 20,000 Whites. Between 1865 and 1890 the number of Black artisans dwindled to only a handful. That such a large reservoir of talent was permitted to dry up confirms the ignorance and inutility of racial prejudice (36-37).” Johnson, Nelson. Boardwalk Empire. Medford, New Jersey: Plexus Publishing, Inc., 2002.

Jim Crow Laws—

Segregation—What kind is illustrated in the photo? De Facto--NorthDe Jure--South

The new segregation?

Conclusions: Freedmen and The Vote From 1877 to 1965, what might keep African Americans from voting at the polls in Southern states? 1. intimidation by the KKK 2. literacy test 3. poll tax 4. grandfather clause (did Grandpa vote? If not, neither can you!)

Voting… When Southern African Americans did vote (often protected by the Freedmen’s Bureau and carpetbaggers), they would vote Republican in homage to the efforts of Lincoln and the Radical Republicans. After many migrated northward and westward, they would vote either party. By the 1920’s and 1930s, many gave their loyalty to the Democratic Party due to Civil Rights and other progressive legislation.

Terms to Know Reconstruction Freedmen Freedmen’s Bureau Martial law Radical Republicans Infrastructure Pardon Oath of allegiance Suffrage Carpetbaggers Scalawags Ku Klux Klan 13 th Amendment 14 th Amendment 15 th Amendment Sharecropping Tenant farming impeachment Black codes Jim Crow Segregation De facto De jure Solid South

Open-Ended Essay Prompt: To what extent did Reconstruction illustrate a juxtaposition of failure and success? Write your thesis with your two main topics (or categories). Plan your essay with an outline or chart. Include as many details as possible for full credit.