Basketball

Introduction of FIBA 国际篮球联合会（ FIBA ） 1932 年于瑞士日内瓦成立，其原名是国际业余 篮球联合会（ Fédération Internationale de Basketball Amateur ），初期只有八名会员，包 括：阿根廷、捷克斯洛伐克、希腊、意大利、 拉脱维亚、葡萄牙、罗马尼亚和瑞士。 1989 年， FIBA 准许职业篮球球员参与奥运篮球 赛事，例如 NBA 球队效力的美国球员。同年， 改 ”Fédération Internationale de Basketball” ，但 是仍保留 “FIBA” 的缩写。

Introduction of NBA NBA 全国篮球协会（全称 National Basketball Association ）是美国第一大职业篮球赛事， 代表了世界篮球的最高水平，其中产生了迈 克尔 · 乔丹、魔术师约翰逊、科比 · 布莱恩特、 姚明、勒布朗 · 詹姆斯等世界巨星。 该协会一共拥有 30 支球队，分属两个联盟 : 东 部联盟和西部联盟；每个联盟各由三个赛区 组成，每个赛区有五支球队。 30 支球队当中 有 29 支位于美国本土，另外一支来自加拿大 的多伦多。

Introduction of Basketball Basketball is a team in which two teams of five active players, each tries to score points against one another by propelling a ball through a 10 feet (3m) high hoop (the goal) under organized rules. Basketball is one of the most popular and widely viewed sports in the world.

Introduction of basketball Points are scored by shooting the ball through the basket, the team with more points at the end of the game wins. The ball can be advanced on the court by bouncing it or passing it between teammates. Disruptive physical contact is not permitted and there are restrictions on how the ball can be handled.

Introduction of Basketball Through time, basketball has developed to involve common techniques of shooting, passing and dribbling, as well as players’ positions, and offensive and defensive structures. Typically, the tallest members of a team will play center or one of two forward positions, while shorter players or those who possess the best ball handling skills and speed, play the guard positions.

Rules and Regulations Measurements and time limits often vary among tournaments and organizations. The object of the game is to outscore one‘s opponents by throwing the ball through the opponents’ basket from above. An attempt to score in this way is called a shot. A successful shot is worth two points, or three if it is taken from beyond the three-point arc which is 6.25 m (about 20 ft 6 in) from the basket in international games and 7.24 m (about 23 ft 9 in) in NBA games.

Playing Regulations Games are played in four quarters of 10 (international) or 12 minutes (NBA). Fifteen minutes are allowed for a half-time break, and two minutes are allowed at the other breaks. Overtime periods are five minutes long. Teams exchange baskets for the second half. The time allowed is actual playing time; the clock is stopped while the play is not active.

Playing Regulations Five players from each team (out of a twelve player roster) may be on the court at one time. Substitutions are unlimited but can only be done when play is stopped. Teams also have a coach, who oversees the development and strategies of the team, and other team personnel such as assistant coaches, managers, statisticians, doctors and trainers.

Playing Regulations The game is controlled by the officials consisting of the referee (“crew chief” in NBA), one or two umpires (“referees“ in NBA) and the table officials. The table officials are responsible for keeping track of each teams scoring, timekeeping, individual and team scoring, player substitutions, team fouls, and the shot clock.

Equipment Traditional Eight-panel Basketball The only essential equipment in basketball is the basketball and the court: a flat, rectangular surface with baskets at opposite ends. Competitive levels require the use of more equipment such as clocks, score sheets, scoreboard(s). There are also regulations on the size of a basketball. If women are playing, the official basketball size is 28.5 “in circumference (size 6) and a weight of 20 oz. For men, the official ball is 29.5 "in circumference (size 7) and weighs 22 oz.

An Outdoor Basketball Net A regulation basketball in international games is 28 by 15 m (about 92 by 49 ft) and in the NBA is 94 by 50 feet (about 29 by 15 m). Most courts are made of wood. A steel basket with net and backboard hang over each end of the court. At almost all levels of competition, the top of the rim is exactly l0 feet (about 3.05 m) above the court and 4 feet (about 1.2 m) inside the baseline.

Rulers and Regulations Measurements and time limits often vary among tournaments and organizations. The object of the game is to outscore one‘s opponents by throwing the ball through the opponents’ basket from above. An attempt to score in this way is called a shot. A successful shot is worth two points, or three if it is taken from beyond the three-point arc which is 6.25 m (about 20 ft 6 in) from the basket in international games and 7.24 m (about 23 ft 9 in) in NBA games.

Height At the professional level, most male players are above 6 ft 3 in (about 1.90 m) and most women above 5 ft 7 in (about 1.70 m). Guards, for whom physical coordination and ball-handling skills are crucial, tend to be the smallest players. Almost all forwards in the men‘s pro leagues are 6 ft 6 in (about 2 m) or taller. Most centers are over 6 ft 10 in (about 2.1 m) tall.

Violations The ball may be advanced toward the basket by being shot, passed between players, thrown, or dribbled (bouncing the ball while running). The ball-handler may not move both feet without dribbling, nor may he dribble with both hands or catch the ball in between dribbles, a violation called double dribbling.

Violations A player’s hand cannot be under the ball while dribbling; doing so is known as carrying the ball. A team, once having established ball control in the front half of the court, may not return the ball to the backcourt.

Violations There are limits imposed on the time taken before progressing the ball past halfway ( 8 seconds in international and NBA), before attempting a shot (24 seconds in the NBA), holding the ball while closely guarded (5 seconds), and remaining in the restricted area (3 seconds).

Personal Foul Personal foul refers to illegal personal contact with an opponent. It is the most common type of foul in basketball. Due to the nature of the game, personal fouls occur on occasions and are not always regarded as unsportsmanlike.

Technical Foul Technical foul is an infraction of the rules penalized as a foul which does not involve physical contact during the course of play between players on the court, or is a foul by a non-player. The most common technical foul is for unsportsmanlike conduct, for instance, by arguing with a referee or by fighting with another player, can be charged with a more serious foul called a technical foul.

Shooting Shooting is the act of attempting to score points by throwing the ball through the basket. While methods can vary with players and situations, the most common technique can be outlined here: set shot, jump shot, lay up, slam dunk etc.

Rebounding The objective of rebounding is to successfully gain possession of the basketball after a missed field goal or free throw, as it rebounds from the hoop or backboard. This plays a major role in the game, as most possessions end when a team misses a shot. Rebounds are divided into two main categories: offensive rebounding and defensive rebounding.

Passing A pass is a method of moving the ball between players. Most passes are accompanied by a step forward to increase power and are followed through with the hands to ensure accuracy. There are chest pass, bounce pass, overhead pass, no-look pass and behind-the-back pass.

Blocking In basketball, a block (short for blocked shot) occurs when a defensive player legally deflects a shot from an offensive player. The defender must not touch the offensive player‘s hands or otherwise a foul is called. In order to be legal, the block must occur while the shot is traveling upward. If it is heading downward when the defender hits it, it is ruled as goaltending.

Translation Disruptive physical contact is not permitted and there are restrictions on how the ball can be handled.

The table officials are responsible for keeping track of each teams scoring, timekeeping, individual and team scoring, player substitutions, and the shot clock. Translation

The most common technical fouls for unsportsmanlike conduct, for instance, by arguing with a referee or by fighting with another player, can be charged with a more serious foul called a technical foul. Translation

The objective of rebounding is to successfully gain possession of the basketball after a missed field goal or free throw, as it rebounds from the hoop or backboard.

Translation A pass is a method of moving the ball between players. Most passes are accompanied by a step forward to increase- power and are followed through with hands to ensure accuracy.

Exercise Who is your favorite basketball player? Why do you like him other most?