Migration Haitian RefugeesSalinas, CA

Why do people migrate? Push Factors Pull Factors Major International Migration Patterns, Early 1990s Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University Emigration and immigration Change in residence. Relative to origin and destination.

World Migration Routes Since 1700 European African (slaves) Indian Chinese Japanese Majority of population descended from immigrants Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

U.S. Immigration Prior to 1840, 90% of U.S. immigration was from Britain Two Big Waves: : W. and N. European transitioning to Southern and Eastern European by 1910 Irish (potato famine in 1840s) and Germans During 1900s: Italians, Russians, Austria-Hungary (Czech, Poland, Romania, etc.)  Today: Asians and Latin Americans; declining Europeans Asians: China, India; 1980s -1990s: Phillipines, Vietnam, and South Korea Latin America: Mexico, Dom. Rep., El Salvador, Cuba, Haiti  1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act admitted former illegals in 1990, Ellis Island National Monument

Prior to 1840, 90% of U.S. immigration was from Britain Three trends: Destinations of U.S. Immigrants - ethnic neighborhoods often result of chain migration Mexicans: California, Texas, Illinois, New York Caribbean: Florida or New York Chinese and Indians: New York & California Other Asians: California Armenians: ???? Ellis Island National Monument

U.S. Immigration Policies  1882, Bars Asian immigration for ten years (extended)  1921, Quota Act - country by country quotas  1924 National Origins Act - country by country quotas  1965, Immigration Act - quotas for countries replaced, in 1968, with hemisphere quotas of 170, 000 for East and 120,000 for West  1978, Immigration Act - global quota of 290, 000  1980, Refugee Act - quotas do not apply to those seeking political asylum  1986, Immigration Reform and Control Act admitted large numbers of former illegals.  1990, Immigration Act raised global quotas to roughly 675,000  1995, visas issued Preferentially: ◦ 480,000 - to relatives of people here  140,000 - to those with special skills and education  55,000 - to diversity candidates (i.e., mostly not from Latin Amer. or Asia) Current Total: 675,000

US Population by Race and Ethnicity, Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

2000 Data (not including illegal immigrants)

Top 10 Countries of Origin for US Legal Immigrants, 1998 Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

Illegal Aliens in the United States by Country of Origin, 1996 (in 1,000s) Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

Population Pyramid of Native and Foreign Born Population, United States, 2000 (in %) MaleFemale Male Foreign BornNative Age Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

Twentieth Century Instability In the twentieth century, forced international migration increased because of political instability resulting from cultural diversity. In the twentieth century, forced international migration increased because of political instability resulting from cultural diversity. Refugees are people who have been forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution. Refugees are people who have been forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution. Political conditions can also operate as pull factors, especially the lure of freedom. Political conditions can also operate as pull factors, especially the lure of freedom. With the election of democratic governments in Eastern Europe during the 1990s, Western Europe’s political pull has disappeared as a migration factor. With the election of democratic governments in Eastern Europe during the 1990s, Western Europe’s political pull has disappeared as a migration factor. However, Western Europe pulls an increasing number of migrants from Eastern Europe for economic reasons. However, Western Europe pulls an increasing number of migrants from Eastern Europe for economic reasons.

Refugees: Sources and destinations Fig. 3-1: Major source and destination areas of both international and internal refugees.

Types of Migration Internal Migration Within one country. Crossing domestic jurisdictional boundaries; between states or provinces. Little government control. Factors: Employment-based. Retirement-based. Education-based. Civil conflicts (internally displaced population). Slide courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

Migration by Major Metropolitan Areas in the United States, (in 1,000s) Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

The Ten Fastest-Growing Metropolitan Areas, 1990– 2000 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000; 1990 Census. Web:

Types of Migration Voluntary migration The migrant makes the decision to move. Most migration is voluntary. Forced Migration Involuntary migration in which the mover has no role in the decision-making process. Slavery. About 11 million African slaves were brought to the Americas between 1519 and In 1860, there were close to 4 million slaves in the United States. Refugees. Military conscription. Children of migrants. Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

Types of Migration  Circular migration ◦ A type of temporary migration. ◦ Associated with agricultural work. ◦ The migrant follows the harvest of various crops, moving from one place to another each time. ◦ Very common in the US Southwest (Mexican farm workers) and in Western Europe (Eastern European farm workers). Fall / Winter Spring Summer

Forced Migration

Slaves Reaching British North America, (in 1,000s) Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

The Trail of Tears, 1838

Interregional Migrations U.S. population has been moving Westward and Southward  Gold Rush (1849) and Donner Party just the most dramatic examples of hardship.  Wells, Pumps, Aqueducts, Mosquito Control and Air Conditioning have allowed this move which otherwise would be impossible.  Loss of Industrial Jobs in east compliments increase in Sunbelt service sector (biotech, communications).

Voluntary African-American Migrations Blacks moved to The Industrial Belt (i.e., Chicago, New York, Detroit) and California during labor shortages. The culture of the receiving regions was affected by these changes. Can you think of specific cultural traits were added to the new regions by the arrival of large numbers of blacks?

Distance Decay

Internal (interregional) Migrations in U.S. U.S. population has been moving out of the city centers to the suburbs : suburbanization and counterurbanization U.S. intraregional migration during 1990s. Developed Countries: suburbanization  automobiles and roads  ‘American Dream’  better services counterurbanization  idyllic settings  cost of land for retirement  slow pace, yet high tech connections to services and markets

Internal Migrations in LDCs Populations in the less developed world are rushing to cities in search of work and income. Urbanization  migration from rural areas  lack of jobs in countryside  lack of services in cities  Tokyo, Los Angeles, and New York only MDC cities on top 10 list Lagos, NigeriaMumbai, IndiaMexico City, Mexico

Twentieth Century Instability In the twentieth century, forced international migration increased because of political instability resulting from cultural diversity. In the twentieth century, forced international migration increased because of political instability resulting from cultural diversity. Refugees are people who have been forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution. Refugees are people who have been forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution. Political conditions can also operate as pull factors, especially the lure of freedom. Political conditions can also operate as pull factors, especially the lure of freedom. With the election of democratic governments in Eastern Europe during the 1990s, Western Europe’s political pull has disappeared as a migration factor. With the election of democratic governments in Eastern Europe during the 1990s, Western Europe’s political pull has disappeared as a migration factor. However, Western Europe pulls an increasing number of migrants from Eastern Europe for economic reasons. However, Western Europe pulls an increasing number of migrants from Eastern Europe for economic reasons.

U.S. Quota Laws The era of unrestricted immigration to the United States, ended when Congress passed the Quota Act in 1921 and the National Origins Act in The era of unrestricted immigration to the United States, ended when Congress passed the Quota Act in 1921 and the National Origins Act in Quota laws were designed to assure that most immigrants to the United States continued to be Europeans. Quota laws were designed to assure that most immigrants to the United States continued to be Europeans. Quotas for individual countries were eliminated in 1968 and replaced with hemispheric quotas. Quotas for individual countries were eliminated in 1968 and replaced with hemispheric quotas. In 1978 the hemisphere quotas were replaced by a global quota of 290,000, including a maximum of 20,000 per country. In 1978 the hemisphere quotas were replaced by a global quota of 290,000, including a maximum of 20,000 per country. The current law has a global quota of 620,000, with no more than 7 percent from one country, but numerous qualifications and exceptions can alter the limit considerably. The current law has a global quota of 620,000, with no more than 7 percent from one country, but numerous qualifications and exceptions can alter the limit considerably.

Brain Drain Other countries charge that by giving preference to skilled workers, U.S. immigration policy now contributes to a brain drain, which is a large- scale emigration by talented people. Other countries charge that by giving preference to skilled workers, U.S. immigration policy now contributes to a brain drain, which is a large- scale emigration by talented people. The average immigrant has received more education than the typical American: nearly one-fourth of all legal immigrants to the United States have attended graduate school, compared to less than one-tenth of native- born Americans. The average immigrant has received more education than the typical American: nearly one-fourth of all legal immigrants to the United States have attended graduate school, compared to less than one-tenth of native- born Americans.

Guest Workers in Europe Fig. 3-9: Guest workers emigrate mainly from Eastern Europe and North Africa to work in the wealthier countries of Western Europe.

The European Economy The European Economy Throughout Western Europe... the regions with net immigration are also the ones with the highest per capita incomes. Throughout Western Europe... the regions with net immigration are also the ones with the highest per capita incomes. Even countries that occupy relatively small land areas have important interregional migration trends. Even countries that occupy relatively small land areas have important interregional migration trends. Regional differences in economic conditions within European countries may become greater with increased integration of the continent’s economy. Regional differences in economic conditions within European countries may become greater with increased integration of the continent’s economy.

Time-contract Workers Millions of Asians migrated in the nineteenth century as time-contract laborers, recruited for a fixed period to work in mines or on plantations. Millions of Asians migrated in the nineteenth century as time-contract laborers, recruited for a fixed period to work in mines or on plantations. More than 29 million ethnic Chinese currently live permanently in other countries, for the most part in Asia. More than 29 million ethnic Chinese currently live permanently in other countries, for the most part in Asia. In recent years people have immigrated illegally in Asia to find work in other countries. In recent years people have immigrated illegally in Asia to find work in other countries. Estimates of illegal foreign workers in Taiwan range from 20,000 to 70,000. Estimates of illegal foreign workers in Taiwan range from 20,000 to 70,000. Most are Filipinos, Thais, and Malaysians. Most are Filipinos, Thais, and Malaysians. Fig. 3-10: Various ethnic Chinese peoples have distinct patterns of migration to other Asian countries.

Mexico Movement

Distinguishing between Economic Migrants and Refugees It is sometimes difficult to distinguish between migrants seeking economic opportunities and refugees fleeing from the persecution of an undemocratic government. It is sometimes difficult to distinguish between migrants seeking economic opportunities and refugees fleeing from the persecution of an undemocratic government. The distinction between economic migrants and refugees is important, because the United States, Canada, and Western European countries treat the two groups differently. The distinction between economic migrants and refugees is important, because the United States, Canada, and Western European countries treat the two groups differently.

Ravenstein’s Laws Geography has no comprehensive theory of migration, although a nineteenth-century essay of 11 migration “laws” written by E. G. Ravenstein is the basis for contemporary migration studies. Geography has no comprehensive theory of migration, although a nineteenth-century essay of 11 migration “laws” written by E. G. Ravenstein is the basis for contemporary migration studies. Ravenstein’s “laws” can be organized into three groups: Ravenstein’s “laws” can be organized into three groups: reasons reasons distance distance migrant characteristics migrant characteristics

Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration Most migrants move only a short distance. There is a process of absorption, whereby people immediately surrounding a rapidly growing town move into it and the gaps they leave are filled by migrants from more distant areas, and so on until the attractive force [pull factors] is spent. There is a process of dispersion, which is the inverse of absorption. Each migration flow produces a compensating counter-flow. Long-distance migrants go to one of the great centers of commerce and industry. Natives of towns are less migratory than those from rural areas. Females are more migratory than males. Economic factors are the main cause of migration