European Renaissance & Reformation 1300 - 1600
Concept Questions What events contributed to the end of the Middle Ages? How did Europe change during the Renaissance? how did Europe change during the Reformation? How did the printing press impact Europe? how does Christianity develop and change during the Renaissance?
The State of Italy - Renaissance
Middle Ages Crusades Black Death
Italy – Birthplace of the Renaissance *Renaissance: “rebirth of art & learning” *Italy: Thriving cities Wealthy merchant class Classical heritage of Greece & Rome *Patrons: the Medici family – Florence
Gutenberg printing press Greatest aid to spread of new ideas: Revolutionized writing; mass printing *Gutenberg Bible 1455 –cheap Spread Reformation ideas quickly
Renaissance Art: New techniques: Can you remember the 4 greatest Donatello – realistic sculpture Perspective (see p. 419) Often imitated the classical cultures of Greece and Rome Can you remember the 4 greatest Renaissance Painters? Leonardo Raphael Donatello Michelangelo
Da Vinci’s: The Last Supper
Da Vinci
Raphael: Text p. 419: Classical painting & Renaissance 1400s Perspective
Sistine chapel Why did the Church/Pope need more money? To finance the Building of the Sistine Chapel & Papal chambers
Michelangelo
Sistine Chapel: Sale of Indulgences to finance
Michaelangelo Painter Sculptor Architect
The Pieta: Mary & Christ in marble
Durer: Emphasized realism
Patrons: wealthy merchants Financed most artists Medici family
Renaissance Writers: Humanism Based on classical ideas - Greeks & Romans Wrote in vernacular Study secular and sacred matters Studied humanities: history, literature, philosophy “The Renaissance Man” – master of every area of study: The Courtier (1528) by Castiglione “how to” be a Renaissance Man Erasmus – satirical look at the church’s problems Sir Thomas More – Utopia Petrarch – sonnets to Laura in Italian Boccaccio – the Decameron stories about the plague w/sarcastic humor
William Shakespeare Born in 1564 Regarded by many as the best playwright of all time Drew inspiration from classical events Some works include: Hamlet, Macbeth, Julius Caesar, and Romeo and Juliet Renaissance England = “Elizabethan Age”
Machiavelli The Prince -“how to” manual for political Leaders Any means necessary
Religious Reformation auses of the Reformation: Problems in the Catholic Church Charges of corruption: simony, nepotism, worldliness Early Reform attempts: John Wycliffe, England Jan Hus, Bohemia (burned) Savonarola, Florence (burned)
Martin Luther: from Catholicism to Protestantism
Martin Luther: wants CHANGE Wittenberg, Germany – 1517: Writes 95 Theses Against the selling of Indulgences for profit Advocating using the vernacular in Bible printings Starts the Protestant Reformation when church refuses to change Edict of Worms Persecuted by the church No one allowed to give him food/help of any kind “Here I stand. I can do no other.
New Churches Form Reformed Catholic Church Lutheranism- Germany *clerics could marry *no church needed Anabaptists –no baptism of children Anglicans: Church of England, Pilgrims, Puritans (Henry’s divorce) Presbyterians- Scots Protestants Huguenots- French Protestants Reformed Catholic Church
Churches answer to Protestantism: Jesuit missionaries to “counter” the Reformation - Inquisition Witch hunts – for heretics: those not practicing Catholicism Peasant revolts in Germany Peace of Augsburg: 1555 – Germany free to choose its religion Issued after a German prince showed disloyalty to the Pope
England becomes Protestant: Henry VIII – marriage to Catherine of Aragon produces a daughter (Mary), Henry needs a son 1527 Pope refused the divorce 1529 Act of Supremacy: makes king head of Anglican Church of England Henry grants himself a divorce, & marries Anne Boleyn (Queen Elizabeth I’s mother) Marries Jane Seymour = son Edward Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard, Catherine Parr Marries 6 women total (youtube)
Rule of Succession Mary - Bloody Mary” – Catholic Edward – king at 9 had Protestants killed Edward – king at 9 rules only 6 years Elizabeth I – allowed both Catholic & Anglican religions, great leader defeated Spanish armada 1558 Most powerful navy at the time Establishes England as a naval force “The Sun never sets on the British Empire”
The Reformation continues: Calvinism – John Knox Predestination Spreads to Scotland- Presbyterians
Catholic Reformation Counter Reformation-church reforms itself: Council of Trent, 1545 Ended the sale of indulgences Banned Protestant books Church's interpretation of the Bible is final Established the Inquisition to punish heretics