Industrialization & Imperialism Industrialization began in Europe (England) changing the production of products from hand-made to machine made. As industrialization spread throughout Europe the need for natural resources grew. Europeans looked to Africa and Asia as sources for raw materials and as markets for their new industrial products. Spinning Jenny James Hargreaves

Industrialization & Imperialism Agricultural Revolution Wealthy landowners bought & fenced additional lands known as enclosures Wealthy landowners bought & fenced additional lands known as enclosures Experimentation with advanced farming equipment Experimentation with advanced farming equipment Used crop rotation, improved crop production Used crop rotation, improved crop production Lead to higher yields or more food production Lead to higher yields or more food production As food supplies & living conditions increased, the populations grew and fewer farmers were needed to produce the food supply. The displaced farm workers often became the factory workers for the newly industrialized nations.

Industrialization & Imperialism Industrialization ~ began in England ~ water power & coal to power industrial machinery ~ iron ore was plentiful ~ many rivers for inland transportation ~ harbors for shipments of products ~ economic stability in England ~ factors of production were present - land - labor - capital

Industrialization & Imperialism Advances in Technology Industrialization began in the textile industry spurring many new inventions John Kay – flying shuttle, mechanized weaving machine James Hargreaves – spinning jenny, 8 thread spinning machine Richard Arkwright – water frame, water power to drive machines Samuel Crompton – spinning mule, made stronger thread Edmund Cartwright – power loom for weaving cloth

Industrialization & Imperialism Other inventions Jethro Tull – seed drill to improve planting Cyrus McCormick – reaper Samuel F. B. Morse – telegraph, Morse code Eli Whitney – cotton gin I. M. Singer – sewing machine

Industrialization & Imperialism Transportation Improvements James Watt – made the steam engine more efficient Robert Fulton – steamboat John McAdams – “macadam” road system The steam engine, steamboat, improved roads and railroads brought rapid and unsettling changes to people’s lives.

Industrialization & Imperialism Britain’s favorable location favorable location geography geography financial system financial system political stability political stability Supported the development of industry. To protect it’s newfound factory system, Britain passed laws forbidding engineers, tool makers, and mechanics to leave the country.

Industrialization & Imperialism Industrialization spread even though Britain tried to protect factory secrets To U.S. and to other nations in Europe Belgium led Europe in adopting Britain’s technology. Belgium led Europe in adopting Britain’s technology. Germany copied the British model as well. Germany copied the British model as well. Railroads began to link Europe for the development of industry.

Industrialization & Imperialism Key Terms Entrepreneur – one who organizes, manages, and takes the financial risks of business Urbanization – rapid growth of cities Laissez faire – business operation without government interference Capitalism – money is invested in business to make a profit

Industrialization & Imperialism Luddites – led by mythical, Ned Ludd, displaced workers destroyed weaving machines to protest loss of jobs. *Over 1,000 machines were destroyed in *Soldiers were called out to protect the machines.

Industrialization & Imperialism 14 Luddites were hanged 14 Luddites were hanged by Others were transported to Australia, and others were fined. Destruction continued until Destruction continued until 1817, when the ringleader was executed by the government.

Industrialization & Imperialism Key Terms Utilitarianism – ideas, institutions, and actions should be judged on their usefulness Socialism – factors of production are owned by the public (government) and operated for the welfare of all Collective Bargaining – negotiations between workers and employers Strike – refusal to work

Industrialization & Imperialism Key People Adam Smith – supported free market economy. He believed economic liberty guaranteed economic success. He wrote Wealth of Nations, and supported a laissez faire policy. Karl Marx – developed the idea of Marxist socialism. He wrote Communist Manifesto, and said that human societies are at war between the haves and have nots. He supported a communist state with no private ownership and equality among all classes of people. Jeremy Bentham – introduced and supported the idea of utilitarianism

English Labor Union Reforms

Industrialization & Imperialism Reform Movements Union Reforms * Organization of workers within a particular trade was/is known as a union. * Skilled workers were the first to form unions. *Specialized skills gave workers extra bargaining power because they were hard to replace * Unions often called strikes to stop production * Unions worked to raise wages and improve working conditions * Government in England saw unions as a threat to social order and stability.

Industrialization & Imperialism Reform Laws Governments in Britain and the U. S. passed laws to help reform abuses in their nation’s industry – Britain’s child labor protection laws passed – Britain - The Factory Act made it illegal to hire children under age 9 (other reforms were included) 1847 – Britain - The Ten Hours Act was passed. It limited the work day for women and children U. S. – Child Labor Law, ended child labor and set maximum working hours.

Industrialization & Imperialism Abolition of Slavery 1807 –Through an effort led by William Wilberforce – Britain passed a law to end slave trade in the British West Indies – Britain abolished slavery in the British Empire – The United States, at the end of the Civil War, abolished slavery, although slavery continued in Puerto Rico, Cuba, and Brazil.

Industrialization & Imperialism Women’s Rights *Women’s trade unions formed *Jane Addams – led a reform movement for the poor by establishing settlement houses *1848 – Women’s Rights Movement pushed for equality for women. Education Reform * In the United States, Horace Mann supported free public education for all children.

Inventions Change Ways of Life By the late 1800s, new kinds of energy were coming into use. By the late 1800s, new kinds of energy were coming into use. One was gasoline, which powered a new type of engine called an internal combustion engine. Small, light, and efficient, this made the automobile possible. One was gasoline, which powered a new type of engine called an internal combustion engine. Small, light, and efficient, this made the automobile possible.

Inventions Change Ways of Life Another kind of energy was the mysterious force called electricity. Another kind of energy was the mysterious force called electricity. In the 1870s, the electric generator was developed, which produced a current that could power machines. In the 1870s, the electric generator was developed, which produced a current that could power machines. This invention made it possible to bring the magic of electricity into daily life. This invention made it possible to bring the magic of electricity into daily life.

Inventions Change Ways of Life Thomas Edison made significant contributions to the world of inventions. Thomas Edison made significant contributions to the world of inventions. Over his career, Edison patented more than 1,000 inventions: Over his career, Edison patented more than 1,000 inventions: Light bulb Light bulb Phonograph Phonograph Research laboratory in Research laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey, Menlo Park, New Jersey, where most of his inventions where most of his inventions were created were created

Inventions Change Ways of Life Alexander Graham Bell – a teacher of deaf students Alexander Graham Bell – a teacher of deaf students Invented the telephone in his spare time. Invented the telephone in his spare time. He displayed his phone at the Philadelphia Exposition of 1876 He displayed his phone at the Philadelphia Exposition of 1876 The emperor of Brazil used The emperor of Brazil used it to speak to his aid in another room. When he heard the reply he exclaimed, “My word! It speaks Portuguese!”

Inventions Change Ways of Life Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi used theoretical discoveries about electromagnetic waves to create the first radio in Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi used theoretical discoveries about electromagnetic waves to create the first radio in The radio was important because it sent messages (using Morse Code) through the air, without the use of wires. The radio was important because it sent messages (using Morse Code) through the air, without the use of wires. Primitive radios soon became standard equipment for ships at seas. Primitive radios soon became standard equipment for ships at seas. Widely used by armies to communicate! Widely used by armies to communicate!

Inventions Change Ways of Life Henry Ford – decided to make automobiles that were more affordable Henry Ford – decided to make automobiles that were more affordable Using the assembly line he massed produced cars that looked alike Using the assembly line he massed produced cars that looked alike Model Ts were made in one hour using the assembly line Model Ts were made in one hour using the assembly line In 1908 one sold for $850 and you could get one in any color, so long as that color was black. In 1908 one sold for $850 and you could get one in any color, so long as that color was black.

Scientific & Medicine Louis Pasteur - while examining the fermentation process of alcohol he discovered microscopic organisms called bacteria. Louis Pasteur - while examining the fermentation process of alcohol he discovered microscopic organisms called bacteria. Heat kills bacteria! Heat kills bacteria! This lead to the process of This lead to the process of pasteurization – to kill germs pasteurization – to kill germs in liquids such as milk. in liquids such as milk. Discovery: Bacteria causes diseases! Discovery: Bacteria causes diseases!

Science & Medicine British surgeon Joseph Lister read about Pasteur’s work. British surgeon Joseph Lister read about Pasteur’s work. He saw that half of all surgical patients died of infections. He saw that half of all surgical patients died of infections. In1865, he ordered that his surgical wards be kept spotlessly clean: In1865, he ordered that his surgical wards be kept spotlessly clean: Wounds were washed in antiseptics, or germ-killing liquids. Wounds were washed in antiseptics, or germ-killing liquids. 85% of Lister’s patients survived! 85% of Lister’s patients survived!

Scientific Discoveries! A husband and wife team working in Paris discovered two missing elements from Dmitri Mendeleev’s chart of scientific elements. A husband and wife team working in Paris discovered two missing elements from Dmitri Mendeleev’s chart of scientific elements. Marie and Pierre Curie found that a mineral called pitchblende released a powerful form of energy. Marie and Pierre Curie found that a mineral called pitchblende released a powerful form of energy. In 1898, Marie Curie gave In 1898, Marie Curie gave Energy the name radioactivity. Discovery: radium and polonium

New Social Science: Psychology Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud Doctor from Austria who believed that the unconscious mind drives how people think and act. Doctor from Austria who believed that the unconscious mind drives how people think and act. According to Freud, the unconscious forces such as suppressed memories, desires, and impulses help shape a person’s behavior. According to Freud, the unconscious forces such as suppressed memories, desires, and impulses help shape a person’s behavior. He created a type of therapy He created a type of therapy called psychoanalysis to help people called psychoanalysis to help people uncover psychological conflicts. uncover psychological conflicts.

Albert Einstein Created the Created the Theory of Relativity E=mc 2 E=mc 2

The Rise of Mass Culture Earlier periods of art, music, and most theater had been largely enjoyed by the wealthy. Earlier periods of art, music, and most theater had been largely enjoyed by the wealthy. The growth of a middle class meant that more people could enjoy and develop new leisure activities. The growth of a middle class meant that more people could enjoy and develop new leisure activities. Mass Culture developed. Mass culture is the appeal of art, writing, music, and other forms of entertainment to a much larger audience. Mass Culture developed. Mass culture is the appeal of art, writing, music, and other forms of entertainment to a much larger audience.

Writing The following developments occurred due to high-speed presses which could duplicate thousands of pages in a few hours: The following developments occurred due to high-speed presses which could duplicate thousands of pages in a few hours: Mass market for books Mass market for books Newspapers Newspapers Magazines Magazines Effects: Publications are cheaper and easier to produce; Public education experienced an increase in literacy. Effects: Publications are cheaper and easier to produce; Public education experienced an increase in literacy.

Music The invention of phonograph and records brought music directly into people’s homes. The invention of phonograph and records brought music directly into people’s homes. Music Halls: Music Halls: featured singers, featured singers, dancers, comedians, jugglers, magicians, acrobats, and even trained parakeets. Some of these musical variety shows were called vaudeville.

Movies & Theaters Thomas Edison experimented with motion pictures. The first ones had no plot; lasted about a minute; and simply showed a man sneezing. Thomas Edison experimented with motion pictures. The first ones had no plot; lasted about a minute; and simply showed a man sneezing. By the early 1900s, filmmakers were producing the first feature films. By the early 1900s, filmmakers were producing the first feature films. By 1910 five million Americans attended some 10,000 theaters each day to watch silent movies. The European industry experienced similar growth. By 1910 five million Americans attended some 10,000 theaters each day to watch silent movies. The European industry experienced similar growth.

Sports Teams Spectator sports now became a new source of entertainment. Spectator sports now became a new source of entertainment. People went to see athletes play: People went to see athletes play: US: football, baseball US: football, baseball Europe: soccer clubs Europe: soccer clubs England, Australia, India, South Africa: cricket England, Australia, India, South Africa: cricket Athens: Olympic games Athens: Olympic games