Sentences and Fragments Another aesthetically pleasing presentation from Mr. Salyer.

Independent/Dependent clauses clause Independent Clause Can stand alone as a complete sentence Has a subject, verb, and expresses a complete thought Dependent (Subordinate) Clause Also contains a subject and a verb BUT DOES NOT EXPRESS A COMPLETE THOUGHT

Dependent Markers (Subordinating conjunctions) Common words that will begin a dependent clause When, whenever, before, after, although, though, despite, unless, until, whatever, because, since, if, whether, whereas, while

Fragment- Even though Mr. Salyer wears short shorts Sentence- Even though Mr. Salyer wears short shorts, he is still very fashionable. Reversed- Mr. Salyer is very fashionable even though he wears short shorts.

Appositives and appositive phrases An appositive is a noun or a phrase that describes, explains, or renames another noun positioned close to it. Not essential to the meaning of the sentence

Appositives continued A former Tippecanoe and BGSU runner, Mr. Salyer will be participating in the Boston Marathon on April 20 th. Mr. Salyer, a former Tippecanoe and BGSU runner, will be participating in the Boston Marathon on April 20 th. Mr. Salyer will be competing in the Boston Marathon on April 20 th, National Pot-Smoking Day.

Practice Using an appositive phrase, write a sentence about someone in this class. Be nice. Student’s name, APPOSITIVE PHRASE, finish sentence.

Prepositional Phrases Preposition (Time and location) Can be placed at different spots within a sentence The tomato grows around the world. The tomato grows in many shapes and varieties in greenhouses around the world. The tomatoes in the greenhouse grow in many varieties and colors. In the greenhouse, the tomatoes grow in many varieties and colors.

Prepositional Phrases = fragments Cannot stand alone as a sentence. In the greenhouse In many shapes and varieties in greenhouses around the world. Lack subjects

Gerunds and gerund phrases A verb form that ends in –ing and functions as a NOUN Gerunds AREN’T VERBS Running is my favorite hobby. (Functions as noun and subject) Fragment: Tomatoes growing in many shapes and sizes around the world. (No verb…should be grow)

Participles Verb forms that FUNCTION AS ADJECTIVES Often formed by adding –ed or –ing to verbs (present and past) Talk becomes talked or talking Throw becomes thrown and throwing Participial phrase begins with a participle

Location of Participial phrases Beginning Originating in South America, the tomato grows in many shapes and varieties. Grown originally in South America, the tomato… Middle The tomato, cultivated initially in South America during the first millennium, is now grown in many shapes and varieties.

CLOSE TO WORD THEY MODIFY! If the participial phrase is not located close to the word it modifies, or it does not seem to modify anything, it creates CONFUSION. Examples Oozing slowly across the floor, Marvin watched the salad dressing. With his tail held high, my father led the prized poodle around the arena.

Pronouns as Subjects Yes, a pronoun can serve as the subject of the sentence. Tomatoes grow around the world and comes in many shapes and varieties. It grows around the world. They grow. They grow in many shapes and varieties.

Subject Pronouns (people and things) People I, you, she, he, it, one, we, they Groups of people or things Each, few, both, some, several, many, most, other(s), a number of, the majority

“Many” and “most” as a subject pronoun “Many” and “most” can be used as a subject. Many (tomatoes) are grown in greenhouses around the world. Often followed by “of them” Many (of them) are grown in greenhouses around the world. Most (of them) believe that the tomato is a vegetable. “Of which” “of whom” = fragments Many of which are grown in greenhouses around the world Most of whom believe that the tomato is a vegetable.

“Many” and “most” continued Incorrect: The tomato is used by cooks around the world, most of them believe that it is a vegetable rather than a fruit. Two independent clauses Start a new sentence, use a semicolon, or use comma conjunction Correct: The tomato is used by cooks around the world. Most of them believe that it is a vegetable rather than a fruit. Correct: The tomato is used by cooks around the world, most of whom believe that it is a vegetable rather than a fruit. Independent clause followed by a COMMA and NON-ESSENTIAL PHRASE