Sudan

Berlin Conference: 1884  Major European powers came together to discuss how Africa would be divided up.  Belgium gets the Congo.  General Prohibition of Slave trade.  Principle of effectivity: not in name only. –Treaties signed –Administer it on site –Fly your flag –Use it economically

Light Salmon (Kerry): Britain Lt Blue: France Yellow: Belgium Purple: Portugal Green: Italy Paler Blue: Germany. White: Independent. Pink: Spain. Nigeria Congo Sudan Egypt Ethiopia Kenya Uganda Angola Mozambique Tanzania Zimbabwe Somalia Zambia Botswana Namibia S. Africa

Problems in Africa  Generally fall into four categories: –Lack of development  Discouraged by colonialists who did not leave until the 1950s.  Industrial nations more interested in materials and markets than developing ex-colonies.  Previously-lived, subsistence agricultural/Malthusian life’s disrupted by colonials who created Plantation economic systems and wage labor.  Health and dietary issues not addressed. –Borders drawn by colonialists for there own interests. (traditional enemies within). –Despots, often placed in power and supported by the Soviet Union and the U.S. during the Cold War.  They’ve stolen much of the wealth usually derived from raw materials  Do little to build infrastructure or developed second level industries with that wealth.  Many multinational corporation have been afraid to invest there because of theft, corruption an lack of infrastructure.

 Plantation/Hacienda systems set up through a process of land seizures, purchases, treaties, which consolidated small subsistence farms into economy of scale farms. –These farms “hired” workers for a wage, leaving workers.

Sudan  Population: 44 Million  Size: About the Size of Texas, largest African country.  Population Pyramid  _ 65 ( 2.5%)  _______________________ 15-64(56%)  _________________ 0-14 (40.7%)  Infant Mortality 20 th highest out of 229.  Growth Rate 2.5% (31);  5 children per couple average;

Facts  Life Expectancy: 54 (200 th of 229)  HIV Rate 1.4% (45 th )  Major Diseases: Water Born, Malaria.  Population: 52% Black; 39% Arab;  Religion: 70% Sunni; 25% Animist; 5% Christian;  Literacy Rate: 61% (F:50; M: 72%)  Percent GDP spent on Education: 6% (higher than U.S.

Economy  GDP Per Capita: 2200 (187 out of 229)  Inflation: 11%  National Debt: 110% of GDP (US about 80%)  40% live below poverty line

Government  Military dictatorship.  Omar al Bashir seized power in 1989, trying to establish Islamic State with Sharia law.  Country had been in civil war between Arabs of North with “black” African/animist of South, since freedom from Britain in 1956  In 2008, the International Criminal Court (no U.S.), indicted Bashir for crimes against humanity. In 2010, Genocide was added to the charges, for actions of Janjaweed militias, trained, funded and ordered by government.

Ahmad al Bashir

History  Mohammed Ali of Egypt conquered northern Sudan in 1821, for the Ottoman’s. (same guy who defeated the Wahhabi uprising at the turn of the century.)  In 1882, after the building of the Suez Canal, Britain occupied Egypt/Sudan (Capitulations) and administered Sudan until  They administered Southern Sudan separately from the north, believing the southerners were incapable of development. (Some born to rule, others to be ruled.) Kept North South apart.

History  The existence of a slave trade in northern Sudan, with the southerners being victims, has gone on for thousands of years, up to present day.  The British tried to stop it.  There was an uprising by the Mahdi in 1885 and Britain removed troops until 1899, when they reoccupied it  Britain Wanted control of the Nile in Sudan going to build Aswan Dam on Nile.

History  Sudan achieved independence after the British gave up control of Egypt in 1952.(Nasser)  Civil War started almost immediately as the south feared domination by the north. Current conflict going on basically for fifty years.  Britain had thought about uniting the South with Uganda and Kenya, other British colonies, but did not. This division would have made more ethnic sense.

Bashir and Bin Ladin and the U.S.  Bashir (encouraged?) allowed Osama Bin Ladin and Hezbollah to set up camps in Sudan in the 1990s that led to them being listed as a terrorist state.  It was from there, with pressure from U.S., after the bombings in Kenya and Tanzania, that Bin Ladin was expelled and went to Afghanistan.  Lost boys were children who fled the South during the civil war, settled in Ethiopia and Kenya, and finally the U.S.

 eo/2011/jan/10/southern-sudan- votes-referendum-video?intcmp=239