1. Colonization in Africa

3. Colonialism in Africa In the 1880’s, European interest in the African territories heightened. It was obvious everyone was trying to get a “piece of the pie”. mercantilism

4. Berlin Conference 1884

5. The General Act of the Berlin Conference “divided Africa among its European powers. Tribal boundaries of Africa.

6. Africa 1914

7. Colonialism in Africa

8. European Powers The British and the French controlled the largest empire.

9. Liberia and Ethiopia These two countries are considered never to have been colonized. Liberia – a country set up for freed slaves who wished to return to Africa (Back to Africa Movement) Ethiopia – defeated Mussolini’s Italian forces.

10. By the 1950’s, the Europeans had lost the will and financial resources to hold onto their colonies. They set withdrawal dates and just “left” without much thought given to the infrastructure they left behind. Landlocked countries

11. The borders of the countries of Africa have created several major problems that can be attributed to the Geography of the current borders. Ethnicity (tribes) Religion Languages Resources Transportation Colonialism destroyed many of Africa’s indigenous ruling bodies, and their cultural traditions. Borders

12. Even if landlocked countries have river access to the ocean, all of Africa’s major rivers have waterfalls and rapids that prohibit large ship traffic.

13. Conflicts since the 1990s Civil war in Liberia Civil war in Sierra Leone Civil War in Uganda Civil War in Congo (ongoing) Sudan (southern and Darfur) Collapse of the government in Somalia Civil War in Ethiopia Ethnic conflicts in Kenya Ethnic conflicts in Nigeria Rwanda

14. If so much conflict is caused by the borders left behind by the Europeans, why can’t the countries work together to “re-draw” those boundaries? In most cases, the people and groups in power now don’t want to risk losing that power or the possibility of widespread chaos.

15. GDP cartogram of Arica

16. Issues facing Sub-Saharan Africa today: Desertification AIDS Malaria Poverty Internal wars Debt Famine

17. And the biggest shatterbelt of all……

18. Many of the issues of Africa today are still laid at the footprint of European Colonialism, which ended in the 1960’s. Is there a “statute of limitations” on blame? What does the future hold for the countries of Africa?