The Cold War: “Super” Collision 1960s, 1970s & 1980s U.S. versus U.S.S.R.

The Cold War: 1960s Leadership of the 1960s Leadership of the 1960s John F. Kennedy (U.S.: 1960 –1963) John F. Kennedy (U.S.: 1960 –1963) Nikita Khrushchev (Soviet Union: 1953 –1964) Nikita Khrushchev (Soviet Union: 1953 –1964)

The Cold War: 1960s Flexible Response Flexible Response the U.S. can respond to aggression across a broad spectrum of warfare; not only to nuclear arms the U.S. can respond to aggression across a broad spectrum of warfare; not only to nuclear arms Called for building up stock of conventional weapons Called for building up stock of conventional weapons Began with the construction of ICBMs (Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles) Began with the construction of ICBMs (Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles)

The Cold War: 1960s Bay of Pigs Invasion (April, 1961) Bay of Pigs Invasion (April, 1961) U.S. backed invasion by anti-Castro Cuban exiles U.S. backed invasion by anti-Castro Cuban exiles FAILURE! No air support FAILURE! No air support Americans embarrassed since JFK & CIA planned the invasion Americans embarrassed since JFK & CIA planned the invasion

The Cold War: 1960s Cuban Missile Crisis (October, 1962) Cuban Missile Crisis (October, 1962) Major confrontation between the US & USSR Major confrontation between the US & USSR – Nuclear missiles site discovered in Cuba – Kennedy placed blockade on the island – Khrushchev agreed to remove missiles – A “Hot Line” was established between the White House and the Kremlin – US agreed to remove nuclear weapons from Turkey

The Cold War: 1960s Berlin Wall Berlin Wall The Berlin Wall began construction in 1961 The Berlin Wall began construction in 1961 Separated East and West Berlin Separated East and West Berlin What does this mean for Germany? What does this mean for Germany?

Berlin Wall: construction begins in 1961

The Cold War: 1970s Leadership of the 1970s Leadership of the 1970s Richard Nixon (US: ) Richard Nixon (US: ) Leonid Brezhnev (USSR: ) Leonid Brezhnev (USSR: ) Policy of Détente Policy of Détente A policy of “relaxation” in the relations between the US and Soviet Union A policy of “relaxation” in the relations between the US and Soviet Union This DOES NOT mean that the US stopped fighting communism…just relaxed… This DOES NOT mean that the US stopped fighting communism…just relaxed…

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT I) Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT I) The US & the USSR signed a 5 year agreement to limit the number of “intercontinental ballistic and submarine launched missiles” The US & the USSR signed a 5 year agreement to limit the number of “intercontinental ballistic and submarine launched missiles” The Cold War: 1970s

W arsaw Pact Countries became nationalistic W arsaw Pact Countries became nationalistic they got tired of Soviet domination they got tired of Soviet domination A wful Soviet economy A wful Soviet economy communism couldn’t keep up with capitalism communism couldn’t keep up with capitalism R onald Reagan won the arms race R onald Reagan won the arms race M ikhail Gorbachev let USSR see the West M ikhail Gorbachev let USSR see the West Soviet people want what west has Soviet people want what west has E xpansion of NATO E xpansion of NATO NATO got more powerful NATO got more powerful USS R collapses countries demand independence countries demand independence Toward the end of the Cold War it got WARMER…

The Cold War: 1980s Leadership of the 1980s Leadership of the 1980s Ronald Reagan (1981 –1989) Ronald Reagan (1981 –1989) Mikhail Gorbachev (1985 –1991) Mikhail Gorbachev (1985 –1991)

The Cold War: 1980s Gorbachev’s Policies Gorbachev’s Policies Glasnost (openness) Glasnost (openness) – Free flow of ideas Perestroika (economic restructuring) Perestroika (economic restructuring) – Small businesses allowed to open

The Cold War: 1980s Fall of the Berlin Wall Fall of the Berlin Wall By the late 1980s, the East Germans were furious that their government had completely closed its borders; no one could leave By the late 1980s, the East Germans were furious that their government had completely closed its borders; no one could leave Horrible conditions – PROTESTS! Horrible conditions – PROTESTS! On November 9, 1989 the Berlin Wall was finally opened On November 9, 1989 the Berlin Wall was finally opened Completely destroyed by 1990 Completely destroyed by 1990

The Cold War: 1990s By December 1991, all satellite nations had declared independence from the Soviet Union By December 1991, all satellite nations had declared independence from the Soviet Union Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Loose federation of the former USSR Loose federation of the former USSR Marks the death of the Soviet Union Marks the death of the Soviet Union