1 Unit 8: Contemporary Feminism- an Example of Argentina 第 8 單元 : 當代女性主義 _ 以阿根廷 為研究案例 National Chiao Tung University Presenter: Dr. Andrea, Pei-Shan Kao

2 About Feminism Definition: A discourse that involves various social theories, political movements which is based on women’s experience. Definition: A discourse that involves various social theories, political movements which is based on women’s experience. Purpose: To advocate equality for women, campaign for women’s rights and interests. Purpose: To advocate equality for women, campaign for women’s rights and interests. Issues: Gender differences, discrimination, stereotype, repression, and fathers’ rights, etc. Issues: Gender differences, discrimination, stereotype, repression, and fathers’ rights, etc.

3 Process: 3 waves Process: 3 waves The first wave was in the 19th and early 20th centuries ↓ The second wave was in the 1960s and 1970s ↓ The third wave extends from the 1990s The third wave extends from the 1990s to the present

4 Ideologies and Theoretical Schools: Ideologies and Theoretical Schools: (1) Liberal Feminism: all women can assert their ability to achieve equality; therefore, it is possible for change to happen without altering the structure of society. (2) Radical Feminism→ Separatist Feminism; (3) Black Feminism→ Womanism; (4) Socialist and Marxist Feminism: It connects the oppression of women to Marxist ideas about exploitation, oppression and labor. (5) Ecofeminism: It connects the exploitation and domination of women with that of the environment. They argue as men control the land, they can exploit it for their own profit and success; in this situation, women are exploited by men in power for their own profit, success, and pleasure.

5 Example 1: When Carly Fiorina became CEO and chairwoman of the board of HP, she said there was no “ glass ceiling ”. ▼ ↑ Source: ↗ “ consulted in November 2008 ”. ▲ When she left HP, she called her earlier statement “ a dumb thing to say."

6 Her Curriculum Vitae *Born in February 19, 1953 (La Plata, Province of Buenos Aires) *BA in Law ( National University of La Plata) *President December, 2007 *Senator (Buenos Aires) *First Lay *Senator (Santa Cruz) *Deputy (Santa Cruz) *Senator (Santa Cruz) *Provincial Legislature 1989, 1993 ↑ Source: “consulted in November, 2008”.

7 About her -Daughter of Eduardo Fernández (of Spanish heritage) and Ofelia Esther Wilhelm (of German heritage). -Wife of former President: Néstor Krichner. -Member of the Justicialist Party, founded by Juan and Evita Perón in The First Lady in history to be elected to succeed her husband as a president.

8 Disputes about her: 1.Extension of a “Dynasty” or victory of “Feminism”? --Former President’s wife. Her presidency is seen as the key to continue the project of her husband, Kirchner. -2nd female President of Argentine, after Isabel Perón ( ), but the first to be elected. -Women’s wages are on average lower than those of men by 38%. (The largest in Latin America)

9 2. Economic issues…after 8% yearly growth rate in the past 4 years -Her policies are seen as the continuation of the project of her husband, eg: Stronger role for government →Nationalisation. *Kirchner→Nationalised Thales Espectrum (which regulates Argentina’s radio airwaves), Metropolitano (Buenos Aires’ trains), Correo Argentino (the post office) and Aguas Argentina (the water company). *Fernandez→Nationalised the pension funds. -The “inflation” issue -Huge “foreign debts”

10 3. Cool relations with the United States because of Argentine-Venezuelan relations ? →Political funding scandal from the U.S.A The U.S. government: Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner won with the help of $800,000 secretly sent from Venezuela. Four people are accused. Her reactions→ “garbage in international politics” Reactions of Venezuela President, Hugo Chavez→ He calls the case a “fabricated scandal.” Source: “consulted in November 2008”.

11 Class Discussion : Do you support that female can join the Presidential election? If yes, will you support a female President? If not, why? please list all your reasons and discuss it with your members.