Classifying Living Things LS.4 Classifying Living Things

The Six Kingdoms

Domains There are three major domains of living organisms. Prokaryotes are those unicellular organisms that do not have a nucleus or membrane covered organelles. Further divided into: -Archaebacteria -Eubacteria Eukaryotes are those unicellular and multi-cellular organisms that do have a nucleus and membrane covered organelles in their cells.

Prokaryotes There are two groups of prokaryotes: Archaebacteria that live in extreme environments and are anaerobic. Eubacteria that are the common bacteria we are familiar with.

Prokaryotes All of the members of Kingdom Monera were in the Domain Prokaryote. The Kingdom Monera has been replaced with Archaebacteria and Eubacteria.

The Domain Eukaryote includes 4 Kingdoms: Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

Kingdom Protista Protists are one-or many-celled organisms. Protists live in a moist or wet environment. Some are plant-like with chlorophyll. Some are animal-like and move. Algae Paramecium

Kingdom Fungi Most fungi have many cells Fungi can grow in soil, but they do not make their own food. Fungi grow best in warm, humid places. Fungi can reproduce asexually and sexually.

Kingdom Plantae Plant cells have cell walls and chlorophyll used for photosynthesis. Vascular plants use tube-like structures to transport water an nutrients. Nonvascular plants use other ways to move water and nutrients.

Non-Vascular Plants – Mosses and Liverworts Have rhizoids rather than roots. Grow in damp environments. Reproduce by spores rather than seeds. Frequently are pioneer species in an area.

Seedless Vascular Plants Reproduce by spores Have vascular tissue to carry water and nutrients Ferns are the largest group – have fronds, stems, and roots. Club mosses – needle-like leaves Horsetails – hollow center

Seeded Vascular Plants Have leaves, stems, roots, and vascular tissue. Reproduce by seeds Leaves trap light and make food through photosynthesis Stems allow movement between leaves and roots

Gymnosperms and Angiosperms Gymnosperms have no flowers. Have needle-like leaves Conifers reproduce by male and female cones Angiosperms flower and have fruit that contain seeds. Monocots – one cotyledon for food storage in seeds. Dicots – two cotyledons inside their seeds

Invertebrates do not have a backbone. Kingdom Animalia The Animal Kingdom consists of invertebrates and vertebrates. Invertebrates do not have a backbone. Vertebrates have a spinal cord and a backbone. Invertebrates make up the largest populations of the Animal Kingdom

Body Symmetry Organisms with radial symmetry are generally circular in shape (flat or spherical). As you go out from the center in any direction, the animal is the same, like a sea star. Organisms with bilateral symmetry are generally not circular and have two sides that are the mirror image of each other like a human. Organisms that are asymmetrical have no symmetry at all.

Body Symmetry

Invertebrates Phylum Porifera – Sponges Phylum Cnidaria – jellyfish, hydras, corals, and sea anemones Phylum Platyhelminthes - Flatworms Phylum Nematoda - Roundworms Phylum Annelida – Segmented Worms

Invertebrates Phylum Mollusca – Clams, Oysters, Squid, and Octopus Phylum Arthropoda – Arachnids, Insects, and Crustaceans, and Myriapods Phylum Echinodermata – Sea Stars and Sea Cucumbers

Vertebrates Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals

Fish Jawless fish Cartilagenous fish Bony Fish Have swim bladder to control depth Have spinal cord and backbone

Amphibian -cold blooded=endotherm -smooth moist skin -lives in water and on land -cold blooded=endotherm -smooth moist skin

Reptile -lives on land -endothermic -lay eggs -lungs -scaly skin

Bird -feathers -warm blooded- ectotherm -hatches from eggs

Mammal -carry babies and feed them milk -well developed brain -ectotherm -hair -bats are mammals not birds

Species A species is any group of organisms that can breed and produce offspring that look like the parents.

King Philip Came Over For Good Spaghetti