1. Classification
grouping of different types of organisms based upon similarities in structure and evolutionary relationships

2. WHY CLASSIFY?
In order to more easily study the unity and diversity of living organisms in an organized manner, biologists classify organisms
This means that they group organisms together based on their common characteristics
Physical structure is often the primary basis for biological classification

3. Early classification Animals & Plants
With the discovery of the MICROSCOPE in the 1600’s many new organisms were discovered
This was the basis for the change in the classification system
Now DNA is providing a more accurate way to classify organisms.

4. BIONOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
Carolus Linneaus devised binomial nomenclature
(2 names in Latin) Genus-Species
ex. scientific name of humans Homo sapiens
Homo is the genus name sapiens is the species name
Both have to be printed in italics or underlined
-Genus is ALWAYS capitalized

5. MODERN CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM:
DOMAIN
KINGDOM
PHYLLUM
CLASS
ORDER
FAMILY
GENUS
SPECIES

6. DEAR KING PHILIP CAME OVER FOR GOOD SOUP
HOW TO REMEMBER THAT:
DEAR KING PHILIP CAME OVER FOR GOOD SOUP

7. KINGDOMS: The 6 Kingdom System is based on the following criteria:
1. Presence or absence of a nuclear membrane
2. Unicellularity versus multicellularity
3. Type of nutrition

8. Deep Water Hydrothermal Vent
Domain Arachae
Deep Water Hydrothermal Vent
Dead Sea
Volcano

9. Archaebacteria
Prokaryotic (no nucleus )
most primitive and often live in extreme environments
There are 3 types: salt loving, heat loving & methane loving
unicellular
Reproduce asexually
Some are heterotrophic and some are autotrophic

10. Kingdom Monera (Eubacteria)
bacteria and blue green algae
have a primitive cell structure
no organized nucleus or nuclear membrane (Prokaryotic)
Unicellular, reproduce asexually
Some are autotrophic (sulfur bacteria) and some are heterotrophic
E. coli, Staph, Anthrax
About 4,000 named species

12. Comparison of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
The Eukaryotic cell has a nucleus, organelles and other complex structures.

13. Domain Eukarya

14. Kingdom Protista
Eukaryotic. Most are unicellular (some multi-cellular) organisms with plant or animal-like characteristics
examples include protozoa such as Euglena, Paramecium, Amoeba and all algae except the blue-green
have a true nucleus and nuclear membrane
Classification of Protists: Most protozoa can move and are divided into phyla based on their means of LOCOMOTION (movement): cilia (little hairs), flagella (whip-like tail), pseudopod (false foot)
Can reproduce sexually or asexually
Some are autotrophic, some are heterotrophic
About 80,000 named species

15. Animal Like
Plant Like

16. Animal-like Protists
Often animal like Protists are called PROTOZOA
They can live in fresh or salt water, in the soil, or in the bodies of other organisms
Plant-like Protists:
Plant-like Protists are commonly called ALGAE, diatoms or phytoplankton
They contain chloroplasts and are therefore AUTOTROPHIC

17. Plant and Animal like Protists
The Euglena:
exhibits both animal-like and Plant-like characteristics
contains chloroplasts, which are involved in PHOTOSYNTHESIS
contains a flagellum, which is used for LOCOMOTION
euglena may be autotrophic or heterotrophic depending on the environment
In a light environment euglena would be AUTOTROPHIC
In a dark environment the euglena would be HETEROTROPHIC

18. Euglena
Diatoms
Paramecium

19. KINGDOM FUNGI examples include yeasts, mildews, molds, and mushrooms
Eukaryotic, all are multi-cellular except for yeast which is unicellular
All absorb digested food from the external environment (heterotrophic) – do not require sunlight and are often found in dark, moist places
Some reproduce asexually by budding others reproduce sexually with spores
Typically live in moist, dark environments

21. Kingdom Plantae
Multicellular, eukaryotic - possess chloroplasts and cell walls
Autotrophic, make their own food through photosynthesis
Reproduce sexually (see Gizmo) but can sometimes be asexual, like strawberry runners or by taking clippings
Can be vascular (meaning they have xylem and phloem tubes to transport substances) such as trees, ferns, and flowers
Can be nonvascular such as mosses
About 270,000 named species

22. Classification of Plants

23. ONION CELLS FROM LAB – NOTE THE BOXY SHAPE OF PLANT CELLS & THE DISTINCT CELL WALL

25. Gymnosperms
Gymnosperms are a taxonomic class that includes plants whose seeds are not enclosed in an ovule (like a pine cone). Gymnosperm means as "naked seed". By definition, fruits are the structures that develop from maturing flower ovaries, and seeds develop from ovules inside the ovaries. Therefore, since gymnosperms have no ovaries, they do not produce real fruits, at least not in the botanical sense. Because no fruit tissue surrounds gymnosperm seeds, the seeds are said to be "naked." When early scientists wanted to express the term "naked seed" using word roots from classical Greek, they chose gymnos, which means "naked," and sperma, which means "seed," and came up with "gymnosperm." This group is often referred to as softwoods. Gymnosperms usually have needles that stay green throughout the year and scale-like coverings on the branches. Examples are pines, cedars, spruces and firs. Some gymnosperms do drop their leaves - ginkgo, dawn redwood, and bald cypress, to name a few.

26. Gymnosperm Reproduction

27. Angiosperms
Flowering, seed-bearing plants. From the greek Angeion meaning “receptacle or vessel” and sperma, meaning “seed”. Seeds with 2 cotyledons are dicots, di meaning “2”. Seeds with only one cotyledon are called monocots, with mono meaning “one”. Angiosperms are a taxonomic class of plants in which the mature seed is surrounded by the ovule (think of an apple).

28. Angiosperm Reproduction
Gizmo

29. Monocot vs Dicot Dicot: Monocot: Single cotyledon Two cotyledons
Netted veins
Petals in multiples of 4 or 5’s
Vascular bundles in a radial pattern
Monocot:
Single cotyledon
Parallel veins
Petals in multiples of 3’s
Vascular bundles random

30. Kingdom Animalia
Eukaryotic, multi-cellular organisms which ingest their food – heterotrophic
Most reproduce sexually, but some reproduce asexually through budding such as a hydra or through regeneration, such as a starfish

31. Invertebrate Phyla Porifera -- Sponges
Cnideria -- jellyfish & other stinging organisms
Platyhelminthes – Flat worms
Nematoda – Round worms
Annelida – Segmented worms
Arthropoda -- Insects, crabs and others w/jointed legs
Mollusca -- snails, clams, oysters, squid, octopus etc.
Echinodermata – spiny skinned such as sea star, sea urchin

32. Vertebrate Phyla
-- Mammals
-- Birds
-- Reptiles
-- Amphibians
-- Fish

34. Sources www.iteachbio.com www.unitedstreaming.com
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