รองศาสตราจารย์ ดร อรพิน เกิดชูชื่น รองศาสตราจารย์ ดร ณัฎฐา เลาหกุลจิตต์ School of Bioresources and Technology King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi , Bangkok

Introduction Aromatic and medicinal plants are important for pharmaceutical, food and fragrance industries although they contain a small fraction of volatile oil. Essential oils are interested in aromatherapy for healing, cleansing, preservative, and mood-elevating attributes.

Essential oils refer to the subtle, aromatic and volatile liquids extracted from the flowers, seeds, leaves, stems, bark and roots of herbs, bushes, shrubs and trees . Chemically, in the essential oils that can derived to primarily composed of mono- and sesquiterpenes and aromatic etc.

Essential oils found in 108 families and > 2000 species. Gramineae Labiatae Lauraceae Myrtaceae Oleaceae Pinaceae Rosaceae Rutaceae Santalaceae Umbelliferae http://www.nazflora.org/Dicots.htm

Umbelliferae (บัวบก) (ตังกุย) (หอมป้อม) (คื่นช่าย) (ยี่หร่า) Eryngium foetidum (ผักชีฝรั่ง) Centella asiatica (บัวบก) Angelica acutiloba (ตังกุย) Carum carvi (หอมป้อม) Apium graveolen (คื่นช่าย) Cuminum cyminum (ยี่หร่า) Foeniculum vulgare (ผักชีล้อม ) Coriandrum sativum (ผักชี) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbelliferae

Binomial name: Coriandrum sativum Coriander Kingdom: Plantae Family: Umbelliferae Genus: Coriandrum Species: C. sativum Binomial name: Coriandrum sativum All parts of the plant are edible used in cooking. seeds are used a carminative and a digestive aid the relief of anxiety and insomnia in Iran It helps to detoxify the body and to stimulate the spleen.

Coriander oil has a sweet, spicy, warm smell, is nearly colorless to pale yellow and has a watery viscosity. The therapeutic properties of coriander oil are analgesic, aphrodisiac, antispasmodic, carminative, depurative, deodorant, digestive, carminative, fungicidal, lipolytic, stimulant and stomachic.

Commercial Used Pharmaceutical Aromatherapy Lotions & Cream Beverages Candy Meat sauce Alcoholic Herrero et al., 2010

Essential oils Compound Essential oils compound Chemical composition of essential oil from Coriander . 53 compounds are detected Essential oils Compound Composition (%) γ-Terpinene 14,42 β-Pinene 1,82 β-Myrcene 0.55 m-Cymene 1.27 Limonene .0.4 Linalool 37,65 Citronellal 1.96 Borneol 0.32 Terpinyl acetate 0.31 Citronellol 1.31 Citral 1.36 Geraniol 1.87 Essential oils compound Composition (%) Eugenol 0.9 Undecanal 0.58 Myrtenyl acetate 0.43 Citronellyl acetate 1,36 Geranyl acetate 17,57 Caryophyllene 0.33 Curcumene 0.98 α-Cedrene 3,87 α-Farnesene 1.22 β-Bisabolene 0.8 β-Sesquiphellandrene 1.56 Others 7.16 Linalool (37.65%) γ-Terpinene (14.42%) Geranyl acetate (17.57%) α-Cedrene (3.87%) Bhuiyan, et.al., 2009

Chemistry of essential oils The complicated volatile compounds in essential oil could be divided into 4 groups: Aliphatic compound Benzene derivatives Terpene derivatives Others compound http://www.wikipedia.org/

Aliphatic compound Aliphatic Alcohol Aliphatic aldehydes In aliphatic compounds, carbon atoms can be joined together in straight chains, branched chains, or non-aromatic rings Aliphatic Alcohol cis-3-hexen-1-ol cis-2-hexen-1-ol 1-octen-3-ol Aliphatic aldehydes n-octanal trans-2-hexanal http://isostar.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/html/classes/Ligand_Acyclic_links_O_C_H_only.html

Aliphatic ketones Aliphatic esters 3-hydroxy-2-butanone (acetoin) diacetyl (2,3-butanedione) Aliphatic esters C6 alcohol-acetate : fruity notes C8-12 acetate : blossom fragrance C12 : conifer notes acetate-ester : fatty-soapy odour Ethyl acetate Benzyl acetate Linalyl acetate http://isostar.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/html/classes/Ligand_Acyclic_links_O_C_H_only.html

Benzene derivatives Benzene is an organic chemical compound with the molecular formula (C6H6 ) n Benzene is an aromatic hydrocarbon, a cyclic hydrocarbon with a continuous pi bond Hydrocarbon Benzenoid alcohol Cinnamic-alcohol Cinnamaldehyde Phenylacetaldehyde http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzene

4. Ester of aromatic alcohols and aliphatic acids 3. Benzenoid ketone 4. Ester of aromatic alcohols and aliphatic acids Benzylacetate Benzyl benzoate Phenylethyl acetate http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzene

Terpene derivatives Terpenes are derived biosynthetically from units of isoprene, which has the molecular formula (C5H8 ) n. That may be classified by the number of terpene units in the molecule. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terpene

Monoterpene the molecular formula C10H16. Monoterpenes may be linear (acyclic) or contain rings. Acyclic Mycrene Monocyclic Menthol Bicyclic Camphor http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terpene

Sesquiterpenes Acyclic Farnesene Monocyclic Humulene Bicyclic The molecular formula C15H24. Like monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes may be acyclic or contain rings, including many unique combinations. Acyclic Farnesene Monocyclic Humulene Bicyclic Vetivazulene Tricyclic Longifolene http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terpene

Diterpenes Triterpenes Diterpenes are composed for four isoprene units and have the molecular formula C20H32 Retinol : Triterpenes Triterpenes consist of six isoprene units and have the molecular formula C30H48 Lanosterol : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terpene

Other compounds http://www.wikipedia.org/

The volatile oil composition may change from the natural odor depending on the extraction method (Anitescu et al, 1997).

supercritical carbon dioxide Trans-sabinene hydrate Compositions Hydrodistillation Ethanol supercritical carbon dioxide Linalool Terpinene Camphor Limonene α-pinene γ-terpinene C-terpinene Coumarins Geraniol Geranyl acetate Phenylpropanoids P-cymene Myrcene Terpenolene Camphene Terpinolene α- terpineol Trans-sabinene hydrate Citronello n - Octanol The volatile oil composition may change from the natural odor depending on the extraction method Anitescu et al, 1997

Concrete (crude extracts) Steam/hydro distillation Plant extracts Production Methods Final products notes Enfleurage Enfleurage absolutes Suitable for extracts flavor of flowers Expression Essential oils Need a high energy, suitable for extracts citrus peel, low yield Solvent extraction Concrete (crude extracts) a waxy, semisolid, dark-colored material free from the original solvent Easy, simple, low energy Absolutes Free from wax and resinoids Steam/hydro distillation concentrate hydrophobic liquid containing volatile aroma compounds and rich of bioactive compounds (aliphatic, terpene, benzene, others) High yield compared with expression

Extraction Flavor + fragrance ที่สกัดจากพืช เรียก “pomades, concretes, absolutes, resinoids or tincture 1.  Pomades ประกอบด้วยไขมันที่มีสารให้กลิ่นหอมอยู่ เตรียมโดยวิธี hot or cold enfleurage จากดอกไม้ -   Hot enfleurage วิธีเก่าแก่ในการเก็บรักษากลิ่นหอม โดยนำดอกไม้หรือส่วนต่างๆ ของพืช จุ่มใน wax เหลว + ร้อน -   Cold enfleurage ใช้ไขมันเป็นตัว adsorp volatile component ที่ปล่อยจากดอกไม้ โดยเอาดอกไม้สดใส่ไว้ในชั้นไขมัน ซึ่งไขมันประกอบด้วย lard + beef tallow ซึ่ง spread บนกระจกแก้วในภาชนะปิด เป็นวิธีใช้แทนการสกัดด้วย solvent

2. Concretes สกัดส่วนต่างๆ ของพืช ด้วย solvent ชนิด non polar solvent (toluene, hexane, petroleum ether) เมื่อระเหยส่วนที่เหลือจะมี volatile fragrance + non volatile รวมทั้ง wax cpds. Concrete มีลักษณะเหมือน pomades ไม่ละลายใน alc ... มีข้อจำกัดในการนำมาใช้ perfume แต่ใช้ให้กลิ่นสบู่ Concrete สกัดมาจากดอกไม้ (กุหลาบ มะลิ เป็นต้น) ส่วนตางๆ ของพืช (lavender, violet leaf เป็นต้น)  3. Absolutes เตรียมจาก concrete ละลายใน ethanol ตกตะกอนที่ temp ต่ำ  กรอง  ระเหย EtOH ออก  wax – free เรียก absolute ... ละลายได้ใน EtOH ใช้ perfume ingredients  4. Resinoids เตรียมจากยางไม้ (plant exudates) สกัดด้วย solvent เช่น methanol, EtOH, Toluene  yield 50 – 95% product เหนียว ทำเจือจางเติม phthalates หรือ benzyl benzoate เพื่อปรับปรุงคุณสมบัติการไหล และการนำไปใช้ resinoid ประกอบด้วย nonvolatile + resinoid cpds. ต่างจาก oleoresin ซึ่งได้จาก pepper, ginger, vanilla oleoresins ใช้ solvent สกัดจาก spices solvent ที่ใช้ขึ้นกับชนิด spices หรือ supercritical CO2 เป็นตัวสกัด pepper + ginger oleoresins มี volatile aroma + pungency  5. Tinctures เป็นสารที่ละลายใน alc. เตรียมโดย Treat natural raw material ด้วย ethanol ผสมกับน้ำ ซึ่ง solvent เหล่านี้สามารถละลายสารที่สกัดได้จากพืชชนิดต่างๆ Tinctures บางครั้งเรียกว่า Infusion

Extraction methods Expression Distillation -Hydrodistillation -Steam distillation - Simultaneous distillation extraction - Vacuum distillation Solvent extraction - Enflurage - Liquid-liquid extraction - Soild-liquid extraction - Supercritical fluid extraction http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_oil#Production

1. Expression Advantage Low cost simple Disadvantage - High energy - Long time http://www.weloveshopping.com/template/e1/showproduct.php?shopid=221389&productid=CHH8

2. Distillation Distillation is a method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. Distillation is a unit operation, or a physical separation process, and not a chemical reaction. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation

Hydrodistillation Advantage -Easy separation Disadvantage Traditional method of extraction Advantage -Easy separation Disadvantage - Combustion of the sample - Degradation of volatile compound http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#Hydrodistillation

Advantage Disadvantage Steam distillation distilling compounds which are heat-sensitive Advantage - Easy separation - Easy operation Disadvantage Degradation of some analytes - Sample impurities Expensive equipment http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#Steam_distillation

Simultaneous distillation extraction (SDE) Advantage - Semi-volatile and heat- stable component High recovery - rapid Disadvantage - concrete Degradation of volatile compound - Thermal degradation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation

Advantage Disadvantage Vacuum distillation low temperature distillation Principle: pressure above mixture is reduced to less than its vapor pressure Advantage - Prevention degradation Disadvantage - Use strong instrument - Expensive - Weak volatiles http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_distillation

3. Solvent extraction Enfleurage Advantage simple Enfleurage uses odorless fats that are solid at room temperature Advantage simple Suitable for flower extraction Disadvantage * long time of extraction * Not use a wide range of material http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enfleurage

Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) Partition Extraction of a substance with different densities Advantage - Easy to separate Extractions normally performed at room temperature Disadvantage Large volumes of organic solvents http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid-liquid_extraction

Soild-liquid extraction Base on like dissolve like Use solvent to separate desired compound from solid sample Advantage Analyze in one extraction step Disadvantage - Loss of certain compounds - The time for an average Soxhlet extraction ranges from 1 to 72 h. Soxhlet extractor http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) Supercritical fluids provide a higher solubility of the components of the volatile oil, as well as improved mass-transfer rates. Moreover, the manipulation of parameters as temperature and pressure leads to the extraction of different components. Reverchon and De Marco, 2006

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE)

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) - Dense gases - Critical temperature & pressure - Resemble both liquids & gases

Critical properties of various solvents Molecular weight Critical temperature Critical pressure Critical density g/mol ˚C Bar g/cm3 Carbon dioxide (CO2) 44.01 30.95 73.77 0.469 Water (H2O) 18.015 373.946 220.65 0.322 Methane (CH4) 16.04 -82.75 46 0.162 Ethane (C2H6) 30.07 32.15 48.7 0.203 Propane (C3H8) 44.09 96.65 42.5 0.217 Ethylene (C2H4) 28.05 9.25 50.4 0.215 Propylene (C3H6) 42.08 91.75 46.0 0.232 Methanol (CH3OH) 32.04 239.45 80.9 0.272 Ethanol (C2H5OH) 46.07 240.75 61.4 0.276 Acetone (C3H6O) 58.08 234.95 47.0 0.278 Reid et al., 1987

Super Critical CO2 Extraction DISADVANTAGE Boiling point, Artifact formation partial loss of extracted volatiles ADVANTAGES Easy to remove, Not harmful, odorless, tasteless, non flammable, Inexpensive in high purity, moderate condition = 310C 74 bar , no degradation ---->labile flavor compounds selectivity, aroma & flavor-->resemblance to original material

SOLUBILITY UNDER LIQUID CO2 1. MW < 500 daltons Low - medium MW of halocarbon, aldehyde, keton, ester, alcohol, ether Low MW , non polar, aliphatic hydrocarbons -- 20 carbons 4. Polar organic -- low solubility 5. Polar groups -- OH, COOH, N decrease solubility Chorophyll, carotenoids, amino acid, fruit acid --->insoluble Alkaloids, phenols, aniline compounds ----> poor solubility

The application of liquid CO2 HOP, OLEORESIN, Basils, VANILLA, ONION OIL, CITRUS OIL, APPLE JUICE, PEAR, COFFEE, ORANGE, Coliander FLAVOR, FRAGRANCE, AND COLORANTS CONCERN HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT Consumer demand, new, improved, natural, high quality

TRIPLE POINT CRITICAL POINT FRACTIONATION DEODERIZATION TOTAL EXTRACTION TRIPLE POINT CRITICAL POINT LIQUID SOLID SUPERCRITICAL REGION GAS Temperature (˚c) Pressure (bar) Pc = 73.8 bar Tc = 31.1 ˚c Laohakunjit .,2010

Factor affecting on quality of extract by SFE Temperature Pressure Particle size Time Pourmortazavi et al., 2007 and Bensebia et al., 2009

2. Continuous Solvent Extraction Condenser Beverage sample Solvent (Ether) Holes at the bottom of the tube Water Bath

Persicaria odorata Common name : Vietnamese coriander Thai name : Pak-Paeow Family : Polygonaceae Usually use for culinary herbs Author Method of extraction Type of extracts Result Zheng, and Wang (2001) extracted with 15 mL of phosphate buffer (75 mM, pH 7.0) Crude extract has a total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of 3.09± 0.12 and 22.30±0.68 respectively Starkenmann, et al (2006) Hydrodistillation Essential oil The Persicaria odorata has a strong coriander leaf odor due to it’s high content aliphatic aldehydes. Nanasombat And Teckchuen (2009) Methanol extract Polygonum odoratum or Persicaria odorata has an antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Staphylococcus aureus, Yersinia enterocolitica And also has an antioxidant activity, and Total phenolics compounds of 315.4 ± 18.8 and 52.0 ± 0.0 (µg Gallic Acid Equivalents (GAE)/mg dry extract)

Suaeda maritima Common name : Annual sea blite Thai name : Cha-kram Family : Amaranthaceae Include in halophyte plant group Salt content in the tissues is very high -> can act as antimicrobial agent Author Method of extraction Type of extracts Result Agoramoorthy, et al.(2008) Whole Dry plant Whole dry plant Total phenolic of 23.5 ± 4.2 µg/mL Radical scavenging activity >250 (3343.0 ± 902.8) µg/mL Kumar, et al. (2009) Methanol extract Crude extract Show inhibition activity against Bacillus cereus, Bacillus megaterium and Streptococcus lactis Bobbarala, et al. (2009) Solvent (methanol) extraction with soxhlet apparatus Show an antifungal activity and MIC value of 10-20 and ± 80 µmg/ml Wannu, et al. (2010). Solvent extraction (petroleum ether and ethanol) Could inhibit the growth of bacterial strains; B. cereus, L. mesenteroid, L. plantarum and S. aureus which their inhibition zone were 13.25, 16.00, 19.55 and 15.65 mm, respectively. From many type of herbs plant, I was interest with this three type of plant Firstly, persicaria odorata, in the past this plant also called polygonum odoratum, the common name is vietnamese coriander, and in thai it’s called pak-peaow, this herbs ussualy use for culinary Secondly, suaeda maritima or annual seablite, in thai it’s called Cha-kram, this plant include in halophyte plant group Thirdly, piper sarmentosum or wild betel, in thai it’s called cha-plu, ussually use for culinary and medicine herbs

Piper sarmentosum Common name : Wild betel Thai name : Cha-plu Family : Piperaceae Culinary and medicine herbs Author Method of extraction Type of extracts Result Chanwitheesuk, et al. (2005) Methanol extraction Crude extract The highest antioxidant activity was detected in G. inodorum, followed by P. sarmentosum and M. arvensis, respectively. Zaidan, et al (2005) Methanol extrcation in sohxlet apparatus Piper sarmentosum showed anti bacterial activity against S.aureus Vagashiya, et al. (2007) Methanol extract, for 24 h The study demonstrated the efficacy of Piper sarmentosum, P. argyrophillum, P. longum, P. betle as a antiinflammatory agents Chieng, et al. (2008) Hydrodistillation Essential oil Essential oil has an antitermite activity against larvae of Artemia salina Taweechaisupapong, et al. (2010). Hydrodistillation and ethanol extract Essential oil and concretes Piper sarmentosum ethanol extract has only antifungal activity for C.albicans MBC of Piper sarmentosum against A. actinomycetemcomitans and C.albicans are 2.5 and 1.25 mg/ml respectively. Kondo, et al. (2010). Ethanol and water extraction (maseration) Crude extraction Piper sarmentosum ethanol extract has antibacterial activity against Vibrios and Shigella with the MIC value 0.625->5 and >5 mg/ml respectively. From many type of herbs plant, I was interest with this three type of plant Firstly, persicaria odorata, in the past this plant also called polygonum odoratum, the common name is vietnamese coriander, and in thai it’s called pak-peaow, this herbs ussualy use for culinary Secondly, suaeda maritima or annual seablite, in thai it’s called Cha-kram, this plant include in halophyte plant group Thirdly, piper sarmentosum or wild betel, in thai it’s called cha-plu, ussually use for culinary and medicine herbs

Application of essential oil in chicken meat Several type of plant has been use for preservatives in chicken meat Research Type of plant extract Purpose of use Lemay, et al (2002) Mustard oil Antibacterial agents in raw chicken meat against Eschericia coli, Brochothrix thermosphacta, Lactobacillus alimentarius Oral, et al (2009) Oregano essential oil Antibacterial agents against Psychrotrops bacteria, Lactic Acid Bacteria, Yeast, Pseudomonas enterobactericeae Irkin and Esme (2009) bay leaf (Laurus mobilis L.) essential oil (0.5% v/w) with modified atmosphere (MAP) (20%CO2/80%N2) and vacuum packaging stored at 4°C To control Listeria monocytogenes and Eschericia coli ground chicken breast meat Giatrakou, et al (2010) Chitosan and Thyme oil Preservatives on ready to cook chicken product Fratianni, et al. (2010) Thyme and Balm oil Preservatives on chicken breast meat Rattanachaikunsopon and Phumkhachorn (2010) Coriandrum sativum oil in various concentrations (0.1, 0.25, and 0.5%) To controlling Campylobacter jejuni in raw meat in various storage temperatures No report about the application of essential oil or plant extract from Vietnamese coriander, annual sea blite and wild betel

Extraction process absolutes Sample preparation Solvent Extraction Dry sample : 20 gr Composition : (1:2 w/v ratios) 24 hour extraction (1st extraction) 1st extracts Ethanol Acetone Petroleum ether Hydrodistillation Dry sample : 500 gr Fresh sample : 1000 gr Time : 24 h. Essential oil (dry and fresh sample) absolutes Wax washing process Residue 72 hour extraction (2nd extraction) 2nd extracts Physical, chemical, and biological activity analysis

The best plant extracts Application into the raw chicken meat Physical, chemical, and biological activity analysis Analysis Physical properties : Percent of yield extraction Optical rotation Color Refractive index. Chemical properties : - Volatile compounds analysis - Total phenolics compounds Biological activities : Antibacterial activity Minimum Inhibitor Concentration (MIC) values Antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS methods) The best plant extracts Application into the raw chicken meat The first step is extraction, which will be done by two method. Hydrodistillation and solvent extration

Sample concentration : 100 ppm Volatile compound analysis Analyzed using GC-MS system, equipped with : 30 m x 0.25 mm i.d. x 0.25 µm film thickness, DB-5ms capillary column. The carrier gas was helium at flow rate 0.56682 ml/min, and 1 µml of sample (100 ppm concentration) was injected directly The injector and detector temperatures were 230oC and 250oC respectively. The running methods were splitless mode, pressure: 3 psi, oven temperature: 70 oC then 10oC/min. to 140oC, and then 5oC/min. to 240oC Sample concentration : 100 ppm Volume injection : 1 µL Compared with WILEY257 and NIST library use a % quality match greater than 85% RI calculation based on n-alkane standard (C10-C20)

Volatile compound analysis Essential oil No. Volatile compound RIa % of Composition Fresh Dry 1. eucalyptol 1051 0.31 - 14. alpha,-curcumene 1490 3.16 4.49 2. undecane 1108 0.14 15. eremophillene 1508 6.89 4.20 3. 1-nonanol 1174 0.09 16. 7-epi-alpha-selinene 1537 2.59 4. decanal 1212 7.32 4.47 17. ledol 1550 5.99 5. decanol 1274 3.34 18. nerolidol 1564 3.67 6. undecanal 1311 0.58 0.57 19. globulol 1587 0.95 7. n-decanoic acid 1358 0.21 20. caryophyllene oxide 1601 2.04 5.64 8 1-Nonene 1374 2.02 21. cubenol 1640 0.08 9. beta-elemene 1401 0.64 22. eupatoriochromene 1664 21.71 20.94 10. dodecanal 1417 19.96 18.72 23. drimenol 1790 4.74 4.34 11. beta-caryophyllene 1441 11.07 11.40 24. Hexahydro farnesyl acetone 1842 0.60 12. allo-aromadendren 1456 0.49 25. isophytol 1945 0.39 0.17 13. alpha.-caryophyllene 1476 12.57 11.62 26. n-hexadecanoic acid 1959 0.91 0.99 a Retention indices calculated based on n-alkane standard (C10-C20) Starkenmann et al, (2008) mentioned the major compounds of this plant are decanal and caryophyllene.

Volatile compound analysis Plant extract No. Volatile compound RIa % of Composition Petroleum ether Acetone Ethanol 1st 2nd 1. beta-pinene 981 - 8.06 16.55 13.10 2. beta-cis-ocimene 1025 1.61 3. 3-carene 1037 2.08 4. ocimene 1050 17.90 36.46 26.44 5. decanal 1208 18.43 12.09 7.73 4.64 4.42 6. methyl hydrocinnamate 1278 2.57 7. ethyl dihydrocinnamate 1351 1.77 4.24 2.71 8 copaene 1388 8.52 6.00 9. dodecanal 1409 53.12 38.36 27.14 7.21 11.35 10. caryophyllene 1435 5.42 8.07 6.26 6.49 7.07 11.01 11. cyclododecane 1471 6.13 6.47 12. 1,1-diethoxydecane 1472 8.10 19.03 13. germacrene d. 1495 2.40 3.06 14. 3,5-di-tert-butylphenol 1505 5.78 4.81 9.16 10.70 15. dehydro-cyclolongifolene oxide 1657 8.21 16.48 16. eupatoriochromene 5.52 8.00 19.49 17. neophytadiene 1834 2.88 5.30 4.71 5.09 6.08 18. ethyl hexadecanoate 1989 5.80 13.24 4.62 5.61 28.43

Clear dark green and yellow Physical properties Annual sea blite Extraction methods Refractive index Optical rotation Color appearance Ethanol 1st 1.363 -21.10 o Clear dark green and yellow Ethanol 2nd -22.85 o Petroleum ether 1st 1.364 -19.80 o Clear light yellow Petroleum ether 2nd -15.95 o Acetone 1st -21.50 o Clear light green Acetone 2nd -20.05 o Hydrodistillation-Dry - Hydrodistillation-Fresh The physical properties in refractive index, optical rotation, color appearance were not different with vietnamese coriander results.

Sample concentration : 1000 ppm Volatile compound analysis Analyzed using GC-MS system, equipped with : 30 m x 0.25 mm i.d. x 0.25 µm film thickness, DB-5ms capillary column. The carrier gas was helium at flow rate 0.56682 ml/min, and 1 µml of sample (100 ppm concentration) was injected directly. The injector and detector temperatures were 230oC and 250oC respectively. The running methods were splitless mode, pressure: 3 psi, oven temperature: 40 oC then rate 8oC/min. to 100oC, then rate 15oC/min. to 180oC, and the last rate 12oC/min. to 280oC Sample concentration : 1000 ppm Volume injection : 0.5 µL Compared with WILEY257 and NIST library use a % quality match greater than 85% RI calculation based on n-alkane standard (C10-C20)

The End Assoc. Prof.Dr. Natta Laohakunjit Assoc. Prof. Dr. Orapin Kerdchoechuen