1. Element Elements and Compounds Functional Groups Organic Compounds Compounds A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion. Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds. Objectives Different Functional Groups: Alcohols, Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic acids. Preparation, properties and uses of Ethanol, Methanal, Acetone, Ethanoic acid.

2. Element Elements and Compounds Extraction of Sulphur Non-metals Compounds A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion. Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds. Organic Compounds Functional Groups A functional group could be an atom or a group of atoms within a molecule that is responsible for its characteristic chemical reactions. In organic compounds functional groups have atoms like oxygen(O), nitrogen(N), or sulphur(S) in addition to carbon.

3. Element Elements and Compounds Extraction of Sulphur Non-metals Compounds A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion. Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds. Organic Compounds Functional Groups

4. Element Elements and Compounds Extraction of Sulphur Non-metals Compounds A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion. Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds. Organic Compounds Functional Groups Alcohols An alcohol is an organic compound in which the hydroxyl functional group (-OH) is bound to a carbon atom.

5. Element Elements and Compounds Extraction of Sulphur Non-metals Compounds A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion. Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds. Alcohols Alkanes and their corresponding Alcohols Organic Compounds Functional Groups

6. Element Elements and Compounds Extraction of Sulphur Non-metals Compounds A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion. Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds. Fermentation Functional Groups Organic Compounds Fermentation reaction takes place in the preparation of the food items like idli, dhokla, handva and curd. The reaction of formation of simple substances by slow decomposition of organic compounds through enzyme and in absence of oxygen is called fermentation. During fermentation reaction, carbon dioxide gas is produced.

7. Element Elements and Compounds Extraction of Sulphur Non-metals Compounds A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion. Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds. Ethanol Organic Compounds Functional Groups Ethanol, also called ethyl alcohol, pure alcohol, grain alcohol, or drinking alcohol, is a volatile, flammable, colorless liquid. It also exists as component in dense liquid medicines for cough and for digestion.

8. Element Elements and Compounds Extraction of Sulphur Non-metals Compounds A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion. Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds. Organic Compounds Functional Groups Preparation of Ethanol Industrial production of ethanol by fermentation reaction: Modern Method of Industrial Production of Ethanol :

9. Element Elements and Compounds Extraction of Sulphur Non-metals Compounds A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion. Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds. Organic Compounds Functional Groups Properties of Ethanol Ethanol is a volatile, colorless liquid that has a slight odor. Ethanol is a very combustible liquid. It burns rapidly with a blue flame when combusted and produces carbon dioxide and water by combustion. Ethanol on reaction with acetic acid in presence of acid gives ethyl acetate which has sweet fruit smell. This reaction is called esterification reaction. Acetic acid is formed by oxidation of ethanol.

10. Element Elements and Compounds Extraction of Sulphur Non-metals Compounds A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion. Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds. Organic Compounds Functional Groups Uses of Ethanol

11. Element Elements and Compounds Extraction of Sulphur Non-metals Compounds A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion. Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds. Organic Compounds Functional Groups Aldehydes and Ketones Aldehydes and ketones are organic compounds which incorporate a carbonyl functional group, C=O.

12. Element Elements and Compounds Extraction of Sulphur Non-metals Compounds A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion. Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds. Organic Compounds Functional Groups Aldehydes and Ketones

13. Element Elements and Compounds Extraction of Sulphur Non-metals Compounds A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion. Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds. Organic Compounds Functional Groups Methanal The common name of methanal is formaldehyde. Its aqueous solution containing 4 to 6% concentration is called formalin. It is antiseptic.

14. Element Elements and Compounds Extraction of Sulphur Non-metals Compounds A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion. Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds. Organic Compounds Functional Groups Preparation of Methanal Formaldehyde is produced industrially by the catalytic oxidation of methanol. The most common catalysts are silver metal or a mixture of an iron and molybdenum or vanadium oxides. In principle formaldehyde could be generated by oxidation of methane, but this route is not industrially viable because the formaldehyde is more easily oxidized than methane.

15. Element Elements and Compounds Extraction of Sulphur Non-metals Compounds A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion. Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds. Organic Compounds Functional Groups Properties of Methanal A gas at room temperature, formaldehyde is colourless and has a characteristic pungent, irritating odour. It is soluble in water. Methanoic acid is formed by oxidation of methanal in presence of oxidising substance such as Tollen’s reagent. Methanol is formed by reaction of methanal with dihydrogen (H 2 ) gas in presence of palladium (Pd) catalyst.

16. Element Elements and Compounds Extraction of Sulphur Non-metals Compounds A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion. Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds. Organic Compounds Functional Groups Uses of Methanal Formaldehyde solution is used in laboratories for the preservation of human and animal specimens. Formaldehyde-based resins are used in the natural gas and petroleum industries to improve the yield of these fuels. An aqueous solution of formaldehyde can kill bacteria, and it is used in the treatment of skin infections. Methanal is used as a raw material in plastic industry. Methanal is used as a monomer in preparation of bakelite, melamine plastic etc.

17. Element Elements and Compounds Extraction of Sulphur Non-metals Compounds A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion. Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds. Organic Compounds Functional Groups Propanone The simplest compound of ketone group is propanone. Its common name is acetone which is one of the compounds of the solution to remove nail polish.

18. Element Elements and Compounds Extraction of Sulphur Non-metals Compounds A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion. Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds. Organic Compounds Functional Groups Preparation of Propanone Fisher — Tropsch Process: When a mixture of ethene obtained during cracking of petroleum and water gas is passed over a catalyst cobalt oxide (CoO) at 150 bar pressure and 453 K temperature, acetone is obtained.

19. cetone Element Elements and Compounds Extraction of Sulphur Non-metals Compounds A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion. Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds. Organic Compounds Functional Groups Properties of Propanone It is a colourless, mobile, flammable liquid, and is the simplest ketone. Acetone is miscible with water and serves as an important solvent, typically for cleaning purposes in the laboratory. Propanone gives propan-2-oI on reduction with reducing agent like sodium borohydride or Lithium aluminium hydride. Ethanoic acid is obtained by oxidation of propanone, with alkaline potassium permanganate.

20. Element Elements and Compounds Extraction of Sulphur Non-metals Compounds A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion. Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds. Organic Compounds Functional Groups Uses of Propanone A common use of acetone is as a solvent, which is a substance that is capable of dissolving another substance. It is a popular solvent for many plastics and synthetic fibers. It is also used for thinning fiberglass resin, paint, vinyl, adhesives and varnishes. Acetone is also used to produce many other important chemicals. Some of these include methyl methacrylate (MMA), bisphenol-A (BPA) and methacrylic acid. Acetone also has very important applications in the laboratory. It is used as a solvent in many chemical experiments and as an equipment cleaner.

21. Element Elements and Compounds Extraction of Sulphur Non-metals Compounds A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion. Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds. Organic Compounds Functional Groups Carboxylic acids Carboxylic acids are organic acids characterized by the presence of at least one carboxyl group.

22. Element Elements and Compounds Extraction of Sulphur Non-metals Compounds A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion. Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds. Organic Compounds Functional Groups Carboxylic acids

23. Element Elements and Compounds Extraction of Sulphur Non-metals Compounds A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion. Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds. Organic Compounds Functional Groups Ethanoic acid The common name of ethanoic acid is acetic acid. Its formula is CH 3 COOH.

24. Element Elements and Compounds Extraction of Sulphur Non-metals Compounds A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion. Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds. Organic Compounds Functional Groups Preparation of Ethanoic acid Ethanoic acid (vinegar) is formed by oxidation of ethanol in air by fermentation in presence of acetobacter enzyme. In the modern industrial production of ethanoic acid, methanol is reacted with carbon monoxide in presence of catalyst Iodine- Rhodium (I 2 -Rh).

25. Element Elements and Compounds Extraction of Sulphur Non-metals Compounds A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion. Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds. Organic Compounds Functional Groups Properties of Ethanoic acid Ethanoic acid is a colourless liquid that when undiluted is also called glacial acetic acid.

26. Element Elements and Compounds Extraction of Sulphur Non-metals Compounds A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion. Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds. Organic Compounds Functional Groups Uses of Ethanoic acid Acetic acid is a chemical reagent for the production of chemical compounds. The largest single use of acetic acid is in the production of vinyl acetate monomer, closely followed by acetic anhydride and ester production. In preparation of vinegar, to have sour taste in food stuffs and as preservative for foods. As a solvent and reagent in the laboratory.