1. Pharmacognosy
Prof. Suleiman Olimat

2. The form in which plant drugs are used
1-Fresh plant material. Predominantly used in folk medicine or for flavouring food.
2-Dried plant material. Flavouring agent, spices and drugs, such as catahartic agents , where the dosage is not critical.
3-Acellular products. These are material such as the gum exudates, resins, balsams and fixed and volatile oils. They are derived directly from plant by some simple methods.

3. Cont….
4-Galenical preparations. Extracts and tincture may be used as such or may be the first stage in further processing.
5- Processed extracts. These are extracts that have been standardized so that the concentration of the active principles is known.
6-Pure compounds. These are pharmaceutically desirable for standardization of biological activity, quality control and formulation.

4. Fresh plant material. Predominantly used in folk and herbal remedies.
Fresh plant material is often required by the flavor industry and is also used by the perfumery industry where the volatile oils from fresh materials , such as flower petals, are highly prized and highly priced.

5. Dried plant material
The method of drying depends on the nature of the plant material and the active constituents. Plants containing volatile oils much of their aroma if dried at elevated temperature and, if required for their volatile content, must be dried extremely carefully.
Plant material obtained in the tropics is normally sun-dried, often being bleached during the drying process.

6. Cont…
If the active constituents are not present in a free form but need liberating by enzymatic processes, care must be taken not to dry the plant too quickly. For example, vanilla pod, the source of natural vanillin, contain the phenolic glycosides glucovanillic alcohol. During the curing process, which involve slow drying , the glycoside is enzymically hydolysed and oxidized to vanillin.

8. Oven – drying
In oven – drying , flowers and leaves are usually dried below 60o C to retain color , while roots and barks may be dried at slightly higher temperature.

9. Freeze Drying Lyophilization
No heat involved

10. Garbling
Removing of external matter

11. Grinding
1-Mortar and pestle
2-Mill

12. Extraction
Withdrawal of soluble constituents from crude drug by treatment with solvent

13. Plant material
Solvent choice

14. Soxhlet extraction

15. Acellular products
These a re isolate, normally a still quite complex mixtures, which result from a specific method of preparation directly from fresh material. The balsams , gums and resins are example of acellular products.

16. Galenical preparations
Galenical are extracts of plant material used directly for therapeutic advantage

17. Drug stood in hot or cold water for a short time.
Infusion
Drug stood in hot or cold water for a short time.

18. Decoction
Drug boiled with water

19. Prolonged infusion , often in aqueous alcohol
Maceration
Prolonged infusion , often in aqueous alcohol

20. Percolation
Maceration followed by a slow flow of fresh solvent through the ground material.

21. Continuous hot extraction
Repeated infusion with hot solvent