The Muslim World Chapter 10 Unit 3

SSWH5 The student will trace the origins and expansion of the Islamic World between 600 CE and 1300 CE. a. Explain the origins of Islam and the growth of the Islamic Empire. b. Identify the Muslim trade routes to India, China, Europe, and Africa and assess the economic impact of this trade. c. Explain the reasons for the split between Sunni and Shia Muslims. d. Identify the contributions of Islamic scholars in medicine (Ibn Sina) and geography (Ibn Battuta). e. Describe the impact of the Crusades on both the Islamic World and Europe. f. Analyze the impact of the expansion of the Mongol Empire; include the stabilization of trading networks from China to the Mediterranean world. g. Analyze the relationship between Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.  

Essential Questions To what extent did the Crusades change both Islamic and European societies? How did conflict among Muslims result in divergent views of their faith? How did disagreements among Christians result in conflicting branches of their church?

Timeline 630 AD Mohammad returns to Mecca after making Hijrah to Medina 732 AD Charles Martel defeats the Muslims at Tours 800 AD Al Khwarizimi write Algebra Book 1000 AD Muslim scholars share Greek medical works with Europeans 1100 AD Muslim Literature flourishes

Main Ideas Mohammad’s followers spread Islam throughout southwest Asia, Central Asia, North Africa and Europe. The Muslim Empire included millions of people from diverse ethnic, language and religious groups. Tolerance of conquered people and an emphasis on learning helped to blend the culture traits of people under Muslim rule.

The Shia and Sunni

Section 1: Rise of Islam Arabian Peninsula: crossroads of Europe, Africa, and Europe Mostly desert Bedouin nomads Trade network between Byzantine, Persia, Asia Silk Road trade Mecca: holiest city of Islam Hajj: Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca Belief in one God: Allah Mohammad: founder of Islam

Mohammad Born in Mecca At 25 became a trader and married At 40, had a revelation: A voice called to him (thought to be angel Gabriel) and became last prophet of Islam. Preached monotheism (Allah the one and only god) Muslim (one who had submitted) Feared because of his abandonment of the Arab gods Thought Mecca would loose its importance!

Mecca is Defeated The Hijrah: (migration of Mohammad to Medina) Mohammad leaves Medina in 622 after followers were attacked in Mecca Accepted by Jews and Arabs as a political leader Later, became military leader to prepared for hostility between Medina and Mecca. Return To Mecca: Mohammad (The Prophet) returns to Mecca with 10,000 men Upon entering Mecca, all idols were destroyed Unifies the entire Arabian Peninsula under Islam

Religious Composition of M.E.

Dome of the Rock(built on Solomon’s Temple)

Islamic Beliefs The Five Pillars of Islam Faith: “no God but Allah” Prayer: “5 times a day…facing Mecca” Alms: “responsibility to support the poor” Fasting: “Holy month of Ramadan – fast from sun up to sundown” Pilgrimage: “must make pilgrimage to Mecca Forbidden to eat pork or alcoholic beverages Holy Book: The Qur’an (revelations by Mohammad)

Mohammad Unifies a Conquered People Sunna (Mohammad life is an example for life) the proper model of Islam Shari’a: a system of religious laws based on the Qur’an that governed family, business and community. Link to Judaism and Christianity Believe Jewish and Christian God the same as Allah Trace their ancestry to Abraham Preached tolerance to both

Main Ideas Why was Mecca an important city in western Arabia? What are the Five Pillars of Islam? Why did Muslims consider Christians and Jews ‘people of the book’?

Section 2: Islam Expands after the Death of Mohammad “Rightly Guided Caliphs” No heir after death Abu Bakr: Caliph (successor) after his death Invokes jihad (struggle against unbelievers) Ali: last Caliph empire expands over 6000 miles Last wish of Mohammad: ‘spread faith to the north’

Reasons for Muslim success Byzantine and Sassanid empire are weak from fighting Byzantine and Sassanid were intolerant of other religions. Conquered people welcomed religion of Islam because: it offered equality did not pay a poll tax Jews and Christians considered ‘people of the book’ Muslims, Jews, Christians – all descendents of Abraham Shari’a law required Muslim leaders to extend religious tolerance to Jews and Chritians

Internal Conflict Umayyads came to power (after murder of Ali) Move capital to Syria away from Mecca Abandon simple life for wealth and luxury Fundamental split occurs Sunni Umayyad Muslims :belief that leaders can be elected Followers of Mohammad’s example Shi’a: (party of Ali) feel ruler should be descendent of Mohammad Sufi: Pursued a life of poverty and devotion

Abbasids come to power Murder the Umayyads – remaining flee to Spain Move capital to Baghdad, Iraq (key trading center) Fatimid caliphate was formed by Shi’a Muslims Claimed descent from Mohammad’s daughter Fatima Muslim Trade Network: Mediterranean Sea and Indian Ocean Land connected Silk Road of China and India with Europe and Africa Muslims used single language and currency Banks set up throughout empire Letters of credit: (checks) date back to Muslim Empire

Umayyads move to Spain

Grand Mosque Cordoba Spain Umayyads found empire in Spain

Abbasid Empire conquer the Umayyads

Main Ideas How did Muslims under the “Rightly Guided” caliphs treat conquered people? Why did the Shi’a oppose the rule of the Umayyads? What ties the Abbasid caliphate and the independent states to together?

Section 3: Muslim Culture Cities: Science and art flourished from wealth and trade Baghdad (Abbasid capital) Damascus: cultural center of learning Cordoba (Umayyad capital) Cairo (Fati1mid capital) Jerusalem Muslim class system: Upper class – Muslims at birth Second class – Muslim converts Third class – ‘protected people’ (Jews – Christians-Zor0astrians) Lower class – slaves and prisoners of war

Knowledge and Art Flourish Mahammad’s preached the value of knowledge Mathematicians and astronomers needed to calculate times of prayer and direction of Mecca Astrolabe: calculated time Celestial events and relative position Observatory in Istanbul Muslims preserve the knowledge of Greeks and Romans House of Wisdom in Baghdad: Home to Persian, Greek, Indian texts

Astrolobe

Arts and Sciences Standards and techniques for research used today Literature: Qur’an standard for literature and poetry in Arabia A Thousand and One Nights Calligraphy (art of handwriting) Architecture: Huge domes and vaulted ceilings in mosques Roman in design, with baths and plumbing

Mosque in Cordoba Spain

Science Medical: Math and Science: Physician al Razi greatest in world – encyclopedic writing from Greek, Syrian, Arabic and Indian sources Small Pox and Measles treatment Math and Science: Scientific observation Experimentation (discounted Greek logical reasoning, preferred experiments and observation) Mathematics basis for all knowledge Al-Khwarizmi: founder of ‘algebra’ Astronomy: observatories to chart stars, comets, planets Ibn –Al-Haytham: “Optics” developed lenses for telescopes

Ibn Sina - Avicenna Persian medical scholar known for his advances in medicine and treatment: Handout: Ibn Sina

Ibn Battuta: Ibn Battuta was perhaps the greatest traveler of the Middle Ages, having traveled about 75,000 miles in 29 years! (More than Marco Polo!) He is especially important to history because of his written accounts (reports) of his travels

The Travels of Ibn Battuta

Philosophy and Religion Ibn Rushd: criticized for blending Aristotle’s and Plato’s views with Islam Translated Texts of Socrates, Aristotle and Plato into Arabic Moses Ben Maimon: Jewish Physician / Philosopher “The Guide for the Perplexed” (blended science, religion and philosophy)

Main Idea What was the role of women in Muslim society? How did Muslim scholars preserve the ideas of ancient Greeks and Romans? What were some of the Muslim contributions in medicine, mathematics and astronomy?

World Religions and Ethical Systems

World Religions Group Activity Identify important characteristics of your Religion/Ethical System: Founder Location Symbols/sacred Texts Diffusion Doctrine