ACVN / MoC / WPI Training Programme 1 Draft Urban Environmental Planning Methodology for Vietnam Prepared by Wayne Stone Danida / Carl Bro Vietnam Vietnam Urban Planning and Environmental Training Programme, Danang, December 2006

ACVN / MoC / WPI Training Programme2 Presentation Topics Background on ongoing Danida / MoC urban environmental planning projects Background on ongoing Danida / MoC urban environmental planning projects Why urban environmental planning is needed in Vietnam Why urban environmental planning is needed in Vietnam The draft Urban Environmental Planning Methodology The draft Urban Environmental Planning Methodology The differences between SEA and EIA The differences between SEA and EIA

ACVN / MoC / WPI Training Programme3 Danida / MoC Urban Environmental Planning Projects Capacity Building for Urban Environmental Planning and Management, 2004 – 2007 Capacity Building for Urban Environmental Planning and Management, 2004 – 2007 Environmentally Sustainable Development in Poor Urban Areas, 2005 – 2010 (Part of a larger Environmental Programme with MPI, MoNRE, MoI and MoFI) Environmentally Sustainable Development in Poor Urban Areas, 2005 – 2010 (Part of a larger Environmental Programme with MPI, MoNRE, MoI and MoFI)  Key Partners: Department of Architecture and Planning (MoC) Hanoi Architectural University DoC’s in provinces of Thai Nguyen, Phu Tho, Nghe An, Ha Nam  Coordinating Partners: DoNRE’s is the four above provinces

ACVN / MoC / WPI Training Programme4 Project Outputs Capacity building at central and provincial levels Capacity building at central and provincial levels Formulation of a draft “Methodology for Urban Environmental Planning and Management” (referred to as Draft Methodology) Formulation of a draft “Methodology for Urban Environmental Planning and Management” (referred to as Draft Methodology) Recommendations for institutional changes and support Recommendations for institutional changes and support Pilot planning exercises in cities located in target provinces (practical application of the Draft Methodology) Pilot planning exercises in cities located in target provinces (practical application of the Draft Methodology) Implementation of demonstration projects Implementation of demonstration projects Information dissemination and networking Information dissemination and networking

ACVN / MoC / WPI Training Programme5 Why Urban Environmental Planning is Needed in Vietnam Rapid growth in urban population Rapid growth in urban population From 1999 to 2003, 5 million people migrated from rural to urban areas. From 1999 to 2003, 5 million people migrated from rural to urban areas. Within next decade, urban areas will contain more than 1/3 of total population. Within next decade, urban areas will contain more than 1/3 of total population. Urban cross-section Urban cross-section 2 cities with more than 3 million population 2 cities with more than 3 million population 15 cities with 250,000 to 3 million population 15 cities with 250,000 to 3 million population 74 towns with 50,000 to 250,000 population 74 towns with 50,000 to 250,000 population

ACVN / MoC / WPI Training Programme6 Problem Areas Unbalance Development Unbalance Development Over concentration of population in cities Over concentration of population in cities Encroachment of agricultural lands Encroachment of agricultural lands Unsustainable Development Unsustainable Development Overloaded technical infrastructure; economy grower faster than supporting infrastructure Overloaded technical infrastructure; economy grower faster than supporting infrastructure Over use of limited natural resources Over use of limited natural resources Environmental degradation due contaminated water supplies, insufficient drainage and wastewater treatment, and inadequate solid waste management Environmental degradation due contaminated water supplies, insufficient drainage and wastewater treatment, and inadequate solid waste management

ACVN / MoC / WPI Training Programme7 Problem Areas (cont.) Administrative Governance Administrative Governance Ineffective management of land, construction and housing Ineffective management of land, construction and housing Inefficient management of public services, without full consideration private sector participation Inefficient management of public services, without full consideration private sector participation Previously, excessive central level management Previously, excessive central level management Now, decentralized but weak capacity at provincial and district levels Now, decentralized but weak capacity at provincial and district levels Urban Poverty Urban Poverty Income disparity and lack of proper services to urban poor Income disparity and lack of proper services to urban poor Increase in drug addiction, prostitution and HIV/AIDS Increase in drug addiction, prostitution and HIV/AIDS

ACVN / MoC / WPI Training Programme8 Urban Environmental Profile - 1 Water Quality Water Quality River water quality exceeds standards for BOD and Ammonia- Nitrogen by several fold. River water quality exceeds standards for BOD and Ammonia- Nitrogen by several fold. Lakes and canals in Hanoi are severely polluted with high BOD levels Lakes and canals in Hanoi are severely polluted with high BOD levels Wastewater Wastewater In major cities sewerage coverage varies between 20% (Hanoi and Haiphong) to 60% (Ho Chi Minh City). In major cities sewerage coverage varies between 20% (Hanoi and Haiphong) to 60% (Ho Chi Minh City). Treatment of collected sewerage is only starting to take place on limited scale Treatment of collected sewerage is only starting to take place on limited scale

ACVN / MoC / WPI Training Programme9 Urban Environmental Profile - 2 Air Quality Air Quality Total suspended particulates (TSP) in urban centers exceed standard by 1 to 3 fold. Total suspended particulates (TSP) in urban centers exceed standard by 1 to 3 fold. TSP levels in residential areas are 1.2 to 2 times the standard TSP levels in residential areas are 1.2 to 2 times the standard Municipal Waste Municipal Waste Waste generation between 1997 to 1999 increased by 30%. Waste generation between 1997 to 1999 increased by 30%. Total annual waste generation estimated at 9 million tons (1999). Total annual waste generation estimated at 9 million tons (1999). High increase in domestic, industrial and hazardous waste High increase in domestic, industrial and hazardous waste

ACVN / MoC / WPI Training Programme10 Vinh City Waste Dump

ACVN / MoC / WPI Training Programme11 Municipal Waste Landfill – Thai Nguyen City

ACVN / MoC / WPI Training Programme12 Urban Environmental Profile - 3 Hazardous Waste Hazardous Waste Industrial waste comprises from 15-26% of municipal waste Industrial waste comprises from 15-26% of municipal waste Of this, 35-40% is considered hazardous Of this, 35-40% is considered hazardous Total industrial hazardous waste generation – 110,000 tons (1999), an increase of 33% above 1997 Total industrial hazardous waste generation – 110,000 tons (1999), an increase of 33% above 1997 Infectious waste from hospital and hazardous industrial waste are not segregated before collection; most often disposed with municipal solid waste at landfills Infectious waste from hospital and hazardous industrial waste are not segregated before collection; most often disposed with municipal solid waste at landfills

ACVN / MoC / WPI Training Programme13 The Process for Preparing the Draft Methodology Prepared by Planning Task Force – multi-disciplinary team of national and international consultants; HAU and NIURP consultants Prepared by Planning Task Force – multi-disciplinary team of national and international consultants; HAU and NIURP consultants Based on review of best national and international urban planning practices Based on review of best national and international urban planning practices Draft Methodology reviewed at a National Workshop in Hanoi, (Dec. 2004) Draft Methodology reviewed at a National Workshop in Hanoi, (Dec. 2004)

ACVN / MoC / WPI Training Programme14 The Process for Preparing the Draft Methodology Prepare Draft Methodology with full national review Prepare Draft Methodology with full national review Pilot test Draft Methodology in Thai Nguyen City Pilot test Draft Methodology in Thai Nguyen City Revise Draft Methodology based on pilot testing Revise Draft Methodology based on pilot testing Prepare final Draft Methodolgy Prepare final Draft Methodolgy

ACVN / MoC / WPI Training Programme15 Key Concepts The draft Methodology focuses on the planning phase, before plan implementation; The draft Methodology focuses on the planning phase, before plan implementation; However: However: Planning and management should be viewed as a single system Planning and management should be viewed as a single system Lessons learned from plan implementation should influence revision of the urban planning phase Lessons learned from plan implementation should influence revision of the urban planning phase

ACVN / MoC / WPI Training Programme16 Key Concepts The scope of urban environmental planning and management is more than infrastructure, i.e., wastewater treatment plants, solid waste landfills. The scope of urban environmental planning and management is more than infrastructure, i.e., wastewater treatment plants, solid waste landfills. In the draft Methodology, urban environmental management includes all aspects of the urban environment, i.e. housing, institutional buildings, transportation, green areas, buildings for retail, trade and industry, energy infrastructure, etc. In the draft Methodology, urban environmental management includes all aspects of the urban environment, i.e. housing, institutional buildings, transportation, green areas, buildings for retail, trade and industry, energy infrastructure, etc.

ACVN / MoC / WPI Training Programme17 Key Concepts The scope of urban environmental planning and management is more than infrastructure, i.e., wastewater treatment plants, solid waste landfills The scope of urban environmental planning and management is more than infrastructure, i.e., wastewater treatment plants, solid waste landfills In the draft Methodology, urban environmental management includes all aspects of the environment, including In the draft Methodology, urban environmental management includes all aspects of the environment, including Urban environment: housing, institutional buildings, transportation, green areas, buildings for retail, trade and industry, energy infrastructure, etc; and Urban environment: housing, institutional buildings, transportation, green areas, buildings for retail, trade and industry, energy infrastructure, etc; and Natural environment: natural resources, ecosystems, cultural resources and heritage, and farm land Natural environment: natural resources, ecosystems, cultural resources and heritage, and farm land

ACVN / MoC / WPI Training Programme18 Strategy Concentrate on integrating environmental considerations in existing urban planning methodology in Vietnam Concentrate on integrating environmental considerations in existing urban planning methodology in Vietnam Therefore, focus is on modifying existing process for preparing Urban Development Master Plans – by adjusting and supplementing existing procedures Therefore, focus is on modifying existing process for preparing Urban Development Master Plans – by adjusting and supplementing existing procedures Result : urban planning turned into urban environmental planning Result : urban planning turned into urban environmental planning

ACVN / MoC / WPI Training Programme19 Draft Methodology -- Urban Environmental Planning Process Sequence of 7 steps: 1. Planning Requirement 2. Data Collection 3. Analysis 4. Setting Priorities (new step) 5. Preparation of Plan Proposal 6. Assessment 7. Plan Implementation and Management

ACVN / MoC / WPI Training Programme20 1st Step. Planning Requirement This initial step represents the executive decision to start the planning. This step is similar to the existing system, except that it is proposed to conduct a public information campaign at the beginning of planning. This initial step represents the executive decision to start the planning. This step is similar to the existing system, except that it is proposed to conduct a public information campaign at the beginning of planning. As for the existing practice of preparing Urban Development Master Plans it is important that the authority requiring the master plan has issued overall plan objectives and guidelines as well as a time limit for completion of the plan. As for the existing practice of preparing Urban Development Master Plans it is important that the authority requiring the master plan has issued overall plan objectives and guidelines as well as a time limit for completion of the plan. The PPCs/CPCs issue requirements for Master Plans, and DoC or consultants will be their representatives to prepare the plan. The PPCs/CPCs issue requirements for Master Plans, and DoC or consultants will be their representatives to prepare the plan.

ACVN / MoC / WPI Training Programme21 2nd Step. Data Collection This task is the responsibility of the planning consultants. Consultants have to collect data from many sources, which is difficult and time consuming. This task is the responsibility of the planning consultants. Consultants have to collect data from many sources, which is difficult and time consuming. The draft Methodology proposes that Data Collection should be the responsibility of all sectors. The draft Methodology proposes that Data Collection should be the responsibility of all sectors. Furthermore, communities should be encouraged to contribute to gathering data for establishing the baseline, including providing their own data. Furthermore, communities should be encouraged to contribute to gathering data for establishing the baseline, including providing their own data. This step also includes collection of environmental baseline data, i.e. background data on the environment, natural resources and environmental problems. This step also includes collection of environmental baseline data, i.e. background data on the environment, natural resources and environmental problems.

ACVN / MoC / WPI Training Programme22 3rd Step. Analysis The analysis step must consider the following: The analysis step must consider the following: the natural conditions; the natural conditions; socio-economic conditions: socio-economic conditions: existing conditions. existing conditions. To improve the work, activities of all sectors must be coordinated, of which environmental data should be given important consideration. To improve the work, activities of all sectors must be coordinated, of which environmental data should be given important consideration. When analysing situations, the balance between socio-economic needs and environmental impacts must be considered. When analysing situations, the balance between socio-economic needs and environmental impacts must be considered. Another crucial issue is investment, from both public and private investors, to avoid the situation of lacking investment when putting urban plans into practice. Another crucial issue is investment, from both public and private investors, to avoid the situation of lacking investment when putting urban plans into practice.

ACVN / MoC / WPI Training Programme23 4th Step. Setting Priorities The Setting Priorities step considers the following : The Setting Priorities step considers the following : balancing socio-economic growth and preservation of natural resources; balancing socio-economic growth and preservation of natural resources; improvement of the environmental health conditions of people; improvement of the environmental health conditions of people; means to mitigate existing environmental problems in context of economic and social development needs and demands. means to mitigate existing environmental problems in context of economic and social development needs and demands. This step is new compared with the existing practice and is needed in order to make the proposed plan match closely with the realities. It is further proposed that the PPC/CPC shall facilitate that a series of consultations be held with key stakeholders: This step is new compared with the existing practice and is needed in order to make the proposed plan match closely with the realities. It is further proposed that the PPC/CPC shall facilitate that a series of consultations be held with key stakeholders: Public as well as private developers should be consulted in order to consider their development needs and investment capability Public as well as private developers should be consulted in order to consider their development needs and investment capability

ACVN / MoC / WPI Training Programme24 4th Step. Setting Priorities (cont.) community representatives should be consulted to obtain information about the needs for improvement of environmental and health conditions of the people, pressure on living conditions and other social welfare issues. community representatives should be consulted to obtain information about the needs for improvement of environmental and health conditions of the people, pressure on living conditions and other social welfare issues. All consultations are meant to make the plan more realistic, and improve the chances for successful implementation of the plan. Inputs gained at the consultations should be assessed carefully and weighed against each other, but the responsibility for the final setting of priorities will rest with the authority in charge, i.e. the PPC/CPC. All consultations are meant to make the plan more realistic, and improve the chances for successful implementation of the plan. Inputs gained at the consultations should be assessed carefully and weighed against each other, but the responsibility for the final setting of priorities will rest with the authority in charge, i.e. the PPC/CPC.

ACVN / MoC / WPI Training Programme25 5th Step. Preparation of Plan Proposal This step involves the technical work of preparing all the plan documents, maps and guidelines for plan implementation. Preparation of plan proposal is the responsibility of DOC and consultants. This step involves the technical work of preparing all the plan documents, maps and guidelines for plan implementation. Preparation of plan proposal is the responsibility of DOC and consultants. The plans should cover all related issues, especially environmental aspects; and all sector development plans should be integrated. The plans should cover all related issues, especially environmental aspects; and all sector development plans should be integrated. The plans should be flexible for implementation and investment. The plans should be flexible for implementation and investment.

ACVN / MoC / WPI Training Programme26 6th Step. Assessment This step assesses the prepared plans with the initial requirements and objectives. The assessment should cover the following: This step assesses the prepared plans with the initial requirements and objectives. The assessment should cover the following: the conformity with the national or regional socio-economic plans; the conformity with the national or regional socio-economic plans; the environmental considerations; the environmental considerations; the flexibility of the plans; the flexibility of the plans; the capability of investments. the capability of investments. The assessment must be agreed upon by all related organizations. The assessment must be agreed upon by all related organizations. Community representatives should be invited to give comments before final approval. This activity ensures transparency and understanding for the plan from the public. Community representatives should be invited to give comments before final approval. This activity ensures transparency and understanding for the plan from the public.

ACVN / MoC / WPI Training Programme27 7th Step. Plan Implementation and Management This step is actually not part of the plan preparation process, but is important for the next phase urban planning. This step is actually not part of the plan preparation process, but is important for the next phase urban planning. In Vietnam, all urban master plans are adjusted after a period of 5 years, so the experiences and lessons learned from implementation and management will help to improve urban planning methods in the future. In Vietnam, all urban master plans are adjusted after a period of 5 years, so the experiences and lessons learned from implementation and management will help to improve urban planning methods in the future.

ACVN / MoC / WPI Training Programme28 Four Main Planning Themes Integration of environmental considerations Integration of environmental considerations Sector coordination and inter-level cooperation Sector coordination and inter-level cooperation Public communication and community participation Public communication and community participation Private sector participation Private sector participation

ACVN / MoC / WPI Training Programme29 Integration of Environmental Considerations Background: According to the Law of Environmental Protection, Environmental Assessment is required at all planning levels and for approving projects Background: According to the Law of Environmental Protection, Environmental Assessment is required at all planning levels and for approving projects In reality: Socio-economic development needs are usually prioritised higher than protecting the environment In reality: Socio-economic development needs are usually prioritised higher than protecting the environment Therefore: Environmental Assessment is not functioning properly Therefore: Environmental Assessment is not functioning properly

ACVN / MoC / WPI Training Programme30 Integration of Environmental Considerations Therefore: the Draft Methodology focuses on strengthening integration of environmental consideration at 2 Levels: Therefore: the Draft Methodology focuses on strengthening integration of environmental consideration at 2 Levels: 1. Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) at the top level for input to Urban Development Master Plans 2. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for approving specific projects before before investment permit is given

ACVN / MoC / WPI Training Programme31 Integration of Environmental Considerations In Step 2: Data Collection In Step 2: Data Collection In Step 3: Analysis In Step 3: Analysis In Step 4: Setting Priorities In Step 4: Setting Priorities In Step 5: Preparation of Plan Proposal In Step 5: Preparation of Plan Proposal In Step 6: Assessment In Step 6: Assessment

ACVN / MoC / WPI Training Programme32 Step 2: Data Collection Environmental Baseline Data Environmental Baseline Data Condition of natural resources (air, water, land, ecology) Condition of natural resources (air, water, land, ecology) Population size Population size Economic sectors and employment Economic sectors and employment Social infrastructure (housing, education, health care) Social infrastructure (housing, education, health care) Infrastructure (transportation, wastewater, solid waste, water supply) Infrastructure (transportation, wastewater, solid waste, water supply) Physical features ( weather, wind, etc.) Physical features ( weather, wind, etc.) Culture and historic environment Culture and historic environment

ACVN / MoC / WPI Training Programme33 Step 3: Analysis – State of Environment Report Report used for: Report used for: Preparing proposal for overcoming existing environmental problems Preparing proposal for overcoming existing environmental problems Forecasting and preventing future environmental problems Forecasting and preventing future environmental problems Preparing guidelines an plans for environmental monitoring Preparing guidelines an plans for environmental monitoring

ACVN / MoC / WPI Training Programme34 Step 4: Setting Priorities Based on balancing socio-economic needs and protecting the environment, resulting in Sustainable Development Based on balancing socio-economic needs and protecting the environment, resulting in Sustainable Development Define urban development limits based on available land and natural resources Define urban development limits based on available land and natural resources Consider sustainable use of natural resources (water conservation and recycling) Consider sustainable use of natural resources (water conservation and recycling) Make plans to minimize and control pollution from urban and industrial sources Make plans to minimize and control pollution from urban and industrial sources Make plans to preserve cultural and historic heritage Make plans to preserve cultural and historic heritage

ACVN / MoC / WPI Training Programme35 Step 7: Plan Implementation and Management Continuously monitor environmental and other strategic parameters Continuously monitor environmental and other strategic parameters Use monitoring results to update the State of Environment Report, and to revise future urban environmental plans Use monitoring results to update the State of Environment Report, and to revise future urban environmental plans

ACVN / MoC / WPI Training Programme36 Sector Coordination and Inter-level Cooperation Background: The November 2003 Law on Construction has moved the responsibility for preparing Urban Development Master Plans from the central government level to the PPCs and CPCs Background: The November 2003 Law on Construction has moved the responsibility for preparing Urban Development Master Plans from the central government level to the PPCs and CPCs The Draft Methodology supports this decentralisation by The Draft Methodology supports this decentralisation by Establishing an organisation for sector-coordination under DOC by PPC/CPC authority Establishing an organisation for sector-coordination under DOC by PPC/CPC authority Building technical capacity for plan preparation in DOC under PPC/CPC authority Building technical capacity for plan preparation in DOC under PPC/CPC authority

ACVN / MoC / WPI Training Programme37 Sector Coordination and Inter-Level Cooperation In Step 2 (Data Collection): All relevant sectors should provide data and information In Step 2 (Data Collection): All relevant sectors should provide data and information In Step 4 (Setting Priorities): Consultations with public developers In Step 4 (Setting Priorities): Consultations with public developers

ACVN / MoC / WPI Training Programme38 Public Communication and Community Participation Carry out public awareness campaigns about urban planning and environmental issues before public consultations Carry out public awareness campaigns about urban planning and environmental issues before public consultations To provide information to the public at each stage of the plan preparation process To provide information to the public at each stage of the plan preparation process Based on this, enable the consultants in charge of plan preparation to take local needs and wishes into account in preparing the urban plan Based on this, enable the consultants in charge of plan preparation to take local needs and wishes into account in preparing the urban plan

ACVN / MoC / WPI Training Programme39 Public Communication and Community Participation In Step 1 (Planning Requirement): Public information campaign when planning process starts In Step 1 (Planning Requirement): Public information campaign when planning process starts In Step 2 (Data Collection): Community participation in providing baseline data In Step 2 (Data Collection): Community participation in providing baseline data In Step 4 (Setting Priorities): Public consultations and town meetings In Step 4 (Setting Priorities): Public consultations and town meetings In Step 6 (Assessment): Public hearings before final plan approval In Step 6 (Assessment): Public hearings before final plan approval

ACVN / MoC / WPI Training Programme40 Private Sector Participation Background: Private sector is already participating in urban environment management, in particular providing services for water and energy supply, waste water and solid waste Background: Private sector is already participating in urban environment management, in particular providing services for water and energy supply, waste water and solid waste This is private sector participation in plan implementation and management, not private sector participation in plan preparation This is private sector participation in plan implementation and management, not private sector participation in plan preparation However, private sector participation in plan preparation is necessary to support urban development and coordination of efforts However, private sector participation in plan preparation is necessary to support urban development and coordination of efforts The Draft Methodology supports this by: The Draft Methodology supports this by: Establishing a dialogue and a forum for negotiations between private and public interests Establishing a dialogue and a forum for negotiations between private and public interests

ACVN / MoC / WPI Training Programme41 Private Sector Participation In Step 3: (Analysis): Incorporating private developers ideas and plans into the urban plan In Step 3: (Analysis): Incorporating private developers ideas and plans into the urban plan In Step 4 (Setting Priorities): Consultations with private developers In Step 4 (Setting Priorities): Consultations with private developers

ACVN / MoC / WPI Training Programme42 Four Main Planning Themes The themes are supported by recent government regulation : The themes are supported by recent government regulation : Decree of the Government on Urban Planning, No. 08/2005/ND-CP, 24 January 2005 Decree of the Government on Urban Planning, No. 08/2005/ND-CP, 24 January 2005

43 Existing Process of Urban Planning Planning Requirements assessment Implementation Alternatives Delays in Approving Plans Lack of Community Participation Lack of Feedback Plan Poorly Integrated Planning Inflexibility of Plans Weak Capabilities and Awareness of the Planners Lack of Consultation Analysis Weakness of Market-Orientated Planning Expertise Difficulties in Resolving Conflicting Values and Interest Weakness of Environmental Planning Data Collection Lack Baseline Data for Planning

44 Proposed Process of Urban Planning Planning Requirements Analysis assessment Plan Implementation and management Data Collection Setting priorities Preparation of Plan proposal Integrate all Related Sectors Applying Market-Orientated Planning Experiences Concerning to Resources Flexibility of Plans Selection of the Wright Planners Using all Sources for Collecting Data Involving Environmental Planning Public Consultation Community Participation People’s Committees, Land Owners NIURP/DoCs/DAPs/Private and Communities Consultants (NIURP/DoCs/ DAPs/Private), DoNRE, Developers & Communities Consultants, Developers & Communities Consultants, Developers & Communities Consultants, Developers & Communities Developers & Communities Note:NIURP: National Institute for Urban &Rural Planning, MOC; DoC: Department of Construction; DAP: Department of Architecture & Planning; Private: Private Consultants; DoNRE: Dep’t of Natural Resources & Environment Communication Environmental Protection

ACVN / MoC / WPI Training Programme45 The Differences between SEA and EIA EIASEA Applied to specific projects and their specifications Applied to policies, plans and programmes with broad and long- term strategic perspective Takes place during feasibility stage of project Takes place in early stage of planning Considers a limited range of project alternatives Considers a broad range of possible alternative planning scenarios

ACVN / MoC / WPI Training Programme46 The Differences between SEA and EIA - 2 EIASEA Emphasis on mitigating environmental / social impacts of a specific project Emphasis on achieving balanced socio-economic and environmental macro-level goals; and Sustainable Development Incorporates consideration of cumulative impacts Multi-stage, iterative process with feedback loops

ACVN / MoC / WPI Training Programme47 Why SEA is Needed Important decisions are no longer made a project level, instead at the higher, SEA level Important decisions are no longer made a project level, instead at the higher, SEA level Decision makers can use SEA as a tool to analyze multiple and closely linked development interventions and projects Decision makers can use SEA as a tool to analyze multiple and closely linked development interventions and projects SEA determines if natural resources and environment can sustain planned development SEA determines if natural resources and environment can sustain planned development SEA ensures that strategic interventions and specific projects are coordinated SEA ensures that strategic interventions and specific projects are coordinated

ACVN / MoC / WPI Training Programme48 Untreated Hospital Wastewater near Vinh City Center

ACVN / MoC / WPI Training Programme49 Solid Waste Collection Point in Cua Lo Beach Town

ACVN / MoC / WPI Training Programme50 Market Wastewater in Dien Chau Town

ACVN / MoC / WPI Training Programme51 Drainage from Employee House in Song Cong Town

ACVN / MoC / WPI Training Programme52 Unhygienic Drainage in Song Cong Town

ACVN / MoC / WPI Training Programme53 Future Site for Solid Waste Landfill for Song Cong Town