Modern details behind The Crucible. 1 st Red Scare – 1917-1920 WWI & The Bolshevik Revolution (Russia/USSR) Xenophobia – fear of foreigners or strangers.

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Presentation transcript:

Modern details behind The Crucible

1 st Red Scare – WWI & The Bolshevik Revolution (Russia/USSR) Xenophobia – fear of foreigners or strangers April 1919: bomb plot uncovered June 2, 1919: 8 bombs deploy in 8 cities within one hour US Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer a target

“Palmer Raids” 10,000 immigrants arrested in 2 years J. Edgar Hoover in charge May 1, 1920 – government overthrow Nothing happened – Palmer lost credibility

2 nd Red Scare – After WWII – Communist activity Soviet Union (USSR) controlled most of Eastern Europe Korea, China, Italy Soviets had nuclear bomb Americans feared nuclear attack

Josef Stalin & Mao Tse Tung (Zedong) Dictators of USSR (Stalin) & China (Tse Tung) Murdered millions of countrymen Stalin arrested political dissidents and put them in gulags (forced labor camps).

Communist organizations in the US Fear of communist sympathizers (pinks) & spies Julius & Ethel Rosenberg Smith Act: passed by Congress in 1940 Illegal to be a part of a “subversive” organization Communist or Marxist organizations considered subversive

Suspicion turns to Investigation 1946: birth of HUAC (House Un- American Activities Committee) 1947: Pres. Truman creates Federal Employees Loyalty Program Wisc. Senator Joseph McCarthy led many investigations

Other Red Scare Effects Fallout shelters “Duck-and-cover” drills Cincinnati Reds became the “Redlegs” to avoid association to communism

The Hollywood Blacklist CPUSA attracted many young people in show biz October 1947: 43 people called as witnesses in an investigation to see if Communist messages were in movies Ronald Reagan & Walt Disney testified that there were communists in Hollywood 19 refused to testify; 11 were called before HUAC Bertolt Brecht – YES, I’m a communist!

The Hollywood refused to testify; 11 were called before HUAC Bertolt Brecht – YES, I’m a communist! The other 10 refused to speak; citing 1 st Amendment rights Arrested for contempt of court Hollywood 10 were fired & denied any more work

The Blacklist Edward Dmytryk – admits & gets job back American Legion & Red Channels Together, name ≈ 225 “communists” in show biz All denied employment (blacklisted); many called before HUAC Defendants pleaded the 5 th – immediately blacklisted

Witnesses Either “friendly” or “unfriendly” Elia Kazan (director of two of Arthur Miller’s plays on Broadway) Budd Schulberg (screenwriter) Lee J. Cobb On the Waterfront Unfriendly: Arthur Miller

Ruined results of the Blacklist Blacklisted workers had to leave the US to get work Salt of the Earth Richard Collins (friendly) divorced wife Dorothy Comingore (unfriendly) Died at age 58 of alcoholism suicides Premature strokes & heartattacks

Things die down… Edward R. Murrow works to censure Sen. McCarthy 1957: John Henry Faulk, radio personality, sues CBS for firing (wins) 1958: Blacklisted names fade, but some don’t work until 1960 s or later HUAC loses power; is disbanded in 1968

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