Phrases, Clauses, Conjunctions And Related Punctuation Sentence Structure Phrases, Clauses, Conjunctions And Related Punctuation

Phrase A group of words with no self-contained, independent meaning.

Types of phrases Modifying (describing) Prepositional (spatial or time) Verbal (infinitive, participle, gerund)

Clauses All clauses have at least a subject and verb.

Sentence A sentence is a complete thought. It consists of a subject and predicate. The predicate is the verb and everything that follows it. A sentence is also an independent clause.

? How can a dependent clause have a subject and verb yet not express a complete thought?

Two Types of Clauses Independent Clauses can stand alone as complete thoughts. Dependent Clauses cannot stand alone, and they depend on another word group (an independent clause) to complete meaning.

Subordinators Two groups of words cause dependence or subordination: Subordinating Conjunctions Relative Pronouns

Examples Examples of SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS & the meanings they express: Time: when, since Reason: because, since, as Result: that, so that Condition: if, unless Contrast: although, whereas Location: where, wherever Choice: whether, than SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS CREATE DEPENDENT CLAUSES. See your text for a complete list of SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS.

“BISAWAWE” is a memory tool for a few subordinating conjunctions Because If So that After When Although While Even though

More subordinators Another group of words that create dependent or subordinating clauses is called RELATIVE PRONOUNS. They are: Who, which, that, whom, whoever

Examples If the bond issue passes, the city will install new sewers. In the above sentence, the underlined clause is dependent or subordinate. The bold clause is the independent clause which could stand alone: The city will install new sewers.

Coordinating Conjunctions Coordinating Conjunctions connect “equal” or independent clauses with a comma preceding the conjunction.

Coordinating Conjunctions “FANBOYS” For And Nor But Or Yet So

Examples of Coordinating Conjunctions Connecting Independent Clauses The sky turned gray, and it rained. Two independent Clauses: The sky turned gray. It rained. I left early, yet I was late for class. I left early. I was late for class.

Addition: also, furthermore, moreover, besides Conjunctive Adverbs (Several are also known as transition-words) and the Relationships They Express Addition: also, furthermore, moreover, besides Contrast: however, still, nevertheless, conversely, nevertheless, instead, otherwise Comparison: similarly, likewise Result or Summary: therefore, thus, consequently, accordingly, hence, then Time: next, then, meanwhile, finally, subsequently, indeed, certainly

Examples— I am overweight; therefore, I should exercise more. THE PATTERN: Independent Clause/Semicolon/Conjunctive Adverb/Comma/Independent Clause Examples— I am overweight; therefore, I should exercise more. I enjoy swimming; however, I don’t get to swim often.

FOR MORE STUDY Sentence Structure & Punctuation Phrases http://www.ucl.ac.uk/internet-grammar/phrases/phrases.htm http://www.leasttern.com/Grammar/PhrasesClauses.html http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/grammar/g_verbals.html Clauses http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clause http://www.chompchomp.com/terms/clause.htm http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/clauses.htm Independent clauses http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_clause http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/grammar/g_clause.html http://grammar.uoregon.edu/clauses/independent.html Dependent Clauses http://grammar.uoregon.edu/clauses/dependent.html http://www.kentlaw.edu/academics/lrw/grinker/LwtaDependant_Clauses_and_Phrases.htm Comma Splices http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comma_splice http://leo.stcloudstate.edu/punct/csfsro.html http://web.uvic.ca/wguide/Pages/SentComSplice.html http://www.grammartips.homestead.com/splice.html Fragments http://leo.stcloudstate.edu/punct/fragmentcauses.html http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/grammar/g_frag.html Semicolons & Colons http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/410/grammar/colons.htm http://chuma.cas.usf.edu/~olson/pms/semicolon.html http://leo.stcloudstate.edu/punct/semicolon.html http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/grammar/g_commacomp.html Run-On, Comma Splice, Fragment Self-check Quiz http://www.uvsc.edu/owl/tests/run_frag.html

For More Study Commas & Sentence Structure Trying to place commas by noting pauses is very dangerous! The reason it's dangerous is that often people do not know correct sentence structure, so they pause in the wrong place! To understand comma use, you need to understand independent clauses, dependent clauses, subordinating conjunctions, and coordinating conjunctions. Note the links below-- http://wwwnew.towson.edu/ows/conjunctions.htm http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/conjunctions.htm http://web.cn.edu/kwheeler/grammar_subordinate.html http://www.chompchomp.com/terms/coordinatingconjunction.htm http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/330/grammar/coconj.htm http://www.cmsu.edu/PreBuilt/documents/Punctuating%20SubordinatingConjunctionswithCommas.pdf#search=%22comma%20with%20coordinating%20conjunctions%22 http://www.as.ysu.edu/~english/COMMAndCCj.pdf#search=%22comma%20with%20coordinating%20conjunctions%22 http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/330/grammar/comma.htm http://www.chompchomp.com/rules/csfsrules.htm Clauses http://wwwnew.towson.edu/ows/sentelmt.htm#Clauses Sentence Structure http://wwwnew.towson.edu/ows/sentencestruct.htm Exercises http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/quizzes/nova/nova1.htm

Reminder Remember to document your Study Journal to show what you have studied!

In Closing I hope you enjoyed your journey down the adventurous yellow-brick-road to the wonderful world of grammar!