EV – HV (1) General description Market –failure in the past for EV –Public acceptance hard to determine Technology –A continuum from hybrid to full EV –Core technologies: battery and electric engine (capacity, volume, weight, cost, life duration) Leaders –Hybrid led by Japanese companies (Toyota) –Pure EV leaders still debatable (only small companies and few sales China, India) –Every car manufacturer is making announcement Potential impact very high in long term –May disrupt the market –May modify the relation to the car (city car versus country car…) –Innovative future: cars connected both ways to electric smart grid –May lead to innovative new car architecture Full EV need electric infrastructure and electric power APE 28 April 2010

EV – HV (2) Trends and drivers Main drivers for change –Efficiency: electric motors are more efficient than combustion engine –Consumption: energy is cheaper –Political: reduce the dependence on oil for countries without significant oil resources –Environmental: reduce pollution and resources consumption (depending on the way electricity is produced) –Economy: an answer to the financial crisis –For less competitive countries: a way to catch up Therefore a large political push –China A strong industry and policy push towards it, with the aim to be the leading world industry. Still a level of technology considered by some observers as lower than in western world – Europe European Green cars initiative + “Responding to the crisis in the European automotive industry” Feb 2009 Nissan in UK 220MEUR from EIB and UK grant 20,7 million pounds –USA Specific funding for "the manufacturing and deployment of electric vehicles, batteries and components" –Everywhere Taxes and incentives Public procurement of EV Public support to infrastructure development But still in search for a business model APE 28 April 2010

EV – HV (3) Software issues Main current issue: powertrain control –Control electric engine and battery –For hybrid vehicles, need to manage a complex system, and deal with a large set of architectural choices in the balance between the electric part and the combustion engine part –Problems: Significant safety issues (high voltage) need to be addressed Conflicts between autonomy and comfort (heating, lighting,). Need to increase performance (notably in autonomy) impacts all subsystems –implies to modify all car subsystems with the goal to reduce energy consumption: power recuperation (braking, engine,…), low power solutions, solar panels,… –Telematics may contribute (“find the next loading station”) Totally new architectures appearing –Active wheel APE 28 April 2010

EV – HV (4) Software issues Software will be a key issue for EV competitiveness –Software for electric car is not a mature technology –A need to manage a full range of systems A full range from mild hybrid to full EV Towards a common software platform? –Software is key for managing performance (and range left) –Currently largest costs are material costs –Key issue: have a volume production with competitive cost and sufficient reliability –Need for complex modelisation (battery): may be an European advantage APE 28 April 2010