LESSONS FROM PAST NOTABLE EARTHQUAKES. Part III Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

PAST NOTABLE EARTHQUAKES LOMA PRIETA, CALIFORNIA OCTOBER 17, 1989

EARTHQAKES ARE DYNAMIC LABORATORIES FOR LEARNING AND CATALYSTS FOR BUILDING CAPACITY FOR DISASTER-INTELLIGENT & DISASTER-RESILIENT COMMUNITES

LOCATION  The epicenter was located near Loma Prieta peak in the Santa Cruz Mountains, approximately 14 km (9 mi) northeast of Santa Cruz and 96 km (60 mi) south- southeast of San Francisco

OCCURRENCE

CALIFORNIA’S FAULTS (SOURCE: CA. GEOL. SURVEY) CALIFORNIA’S FAULTS (SOURCE: CA. GEOL. SURVEY)

The Loma Prieta Earthquake was Forecast (USGS, 1988) The Loma Prieta Earthquake was Forecast (USGS, 1988)

Schematic Diagram of the Loma Prieta Earthquake Mechanism NORTHNORTH WESTWEST

Schematic Diagram of the Earthquake Rupture NORTHNORTH WESTWEST

Mw 6.9; Ms 7.1 Depth: 18 km (11 miles) 5:04 pm local time Soil amplification effects in San Francisco Bay region

SAN FRANCISCO BAY REGION (EPICENTER: TOP LEFT)

SOIL AMPLIFICATION MAP: SAN FRANCISCO BAY REGION

INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING EARTHQUAKES SOIL AMPLIFICATION PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND FAILURE) IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF UTILITIES LACK OF DETAILING AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS INATTENTION TO NON- STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS CAUSES OF DAMAGE “DISASTER LABORATORIES”

IMPACTS BUILDINGS

SAN FRANCISCO BAY REGION SAN FRANCISCO BAY REGION  Buildings and infrastructure of all types and ages, constructed in accordance with various codes/standards, FAILED in the San Francisco Bay Region.

LESSONS LEARNED FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE  ALL NOTABLE EARTHQUAKES  PREPAREDNESS PLANNING FOR THE INEVITABLE STRONG GROUND MOTION IS ESSENTIAL FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE.

LESSONS LEARNED FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE  ALL NOTABLE EARTHQUAKES  PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS AND INFRASTRUCTURE IS ESSENTIAL FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE.

PROBABILISTIC MAPS OF PEAK GROUND ACCELERATION (PGA) AND SPECTRAL ACCELERATION (SA) ARE BASIC TOOLS USED IN BUILDING CODES AND INFRASTRUCTURE STANDARDS

GROUND SHAKING (PEAK GROUND ACCELERATION)

GROUND SHAKING WESTERN USA

PGA: SAN FRANCISCO BAY REGION

SA 0.3 S: SAN FRANCISCO BAY REGION ( SHORT BLDGS.)

SA 1.0 S: SAN FRANCISCO BAY REGION ( TALL BLDGS,)

LOMA PRIETA EARTHQUAKE LOMA PRIETA EARTHQUAKE  1,300 BUILDINGS DESTROYED  20,000 BUILDINGS DAMAGED  3,500 BUSINESSES DAMAGED  TRANSPORTATION LOSSES ALONE: $1.8 BILLION

VULNERABLE UNREINFORCED MASONRY BUILDINGS VULNERABLE UNREINFORCED MASONRY BUILDINGS

VULNERABLE UNREINFORCED MASONRY BUILDINGS

VULNERABLE SOFT-STORY BUILDINGS: MARINA DISTRICT VULNERABLE SOFT-STORY BUILDINGS: MARINA DISTRICT

LESSONS LEARNED FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE  ALL NOTABLE EARTHQUAKES  PREPAREDNESS PLANNING FOR THE INEVITABLE GROUND FAILURE IS ESSENTIAL FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE.

GROUND FAILURE, NOT SURFACE FAULT RUPTURE

LATERAL SPREADING: SAN FRANCISCO WHARF AREA LATERAL SPREADING: SAN FRANCISCO WHARF AREA

LIQUEFACTION: MARINA DISTRICT LIQUEFACTION: MARINA DISTRICT

AS IN 1906, FIRE BEGAN IN THE MARINA DISTRICT AS IN 1906, FIRE BEGAN IN THE MARINA DISTRICT

CYPRESS FREEWAY: A PROTECTION NIGHTMARE CYPRESS FREEWAY: A PROTECTION NIGHTMARE

FAILURE OF A SPAN ON THE OAKLAND BAY BRIDGE: A COMMUTER’S NIGHTMARE FAILURE OF A SPAN ON THE OAKLAND BAY BRIDGE: A COMMUTER’S NIGHTMARE

LESSONS LEARNED FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE  ALL NOTABLE EARTHQUAKES  CAPACITY FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE IS ESSENTIAL FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE.

POWER OUTAGES BEGAN AT 5:04 PM IN THE REGION POWER OUTAGES BEGAN AT 5:04 PM IN THE REGION

CYPRESS FREEWAY COLLAPSE: AN EMERGENCY RESPONSE NIGHTMARE CYPRESS FREEWAY COLLAPSE: AN EMERGENCY RESPONSE NIGHTMARE

FORTY-ONE VICTIMS AT THE CYPRESS FREEWAY FORTY-ONE VICTIMS AT THE CYPRESS FREEWAY

FIRE IN MARINA DISTRICT 100 KM FROM EPICENTER FIRE IN MARINA DISTRICT 100 KM FROM EPICENTER

LESSONS LEARNED FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE  ALL NOTABLE EARTHQUAKES  CAPACITY FOR RECOVERY AND RECONSTRUCTION IS ESSENTIAL FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE.

RESTORATION OF WIDESPREAD POWER OUTAGES TOOK TIME RESTORATION OF WIDESPREAD POWER OUTAGES TOOK TIME

RESTORATION OF TRANSPORTATION ON CYPRESS FREEWAY TOOK TIME RESTORATION OF TRANSPORTATION ON CYPRESS FREEWAY TOOK TIME

RESTORATION OF TRANSPORTATION ON OAKLAND BAY BRIDGE TOOK TIME RESTORATION OF TRANSPORTATION ON OAKLAND BAY BRIDGE TOOK TIME

EARTHQUAKE INSURANCE WAS A TOOL FOR RECOVERY  EARTHQUAKE INSURANCE SPREADS THE RISK AND SPEEDS RECOVERY BY FACILITATING THE “RESTORATION TO NORMAL”

PLANNING FOR THE FUTURE  A NEW GENERATION OF POLICIES AND PROFESSIONAL PRACTICES FOR SITING, DESIGN, AND CONSTRUCTION IN CALIFORNIA AND OTHER EARTHQUAKE PRONE REGIONS OF THE USA.

SAN FRANCISCO AIRPORT: BASE ISOLATION

SAN FRANCISCO CITY HALL: BASE ISOLATION

SUMMARY OF IMPACTS  62 DEATHS (Mostly at Cypress Freeway)  3,757 INJURIES  8,000 HOMELESS  $5.6 BILLION PROPERTY DAMAGE WITH THE FIRST $1.8 BILLION EARTHQUAKE INSURANCE INDEMNIFICATION  MAJOR FLAWS IN PROTECTION OF TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE

PRIMARY SOURCES OF INFORMATION ON THE LOMA PRIETA EARTHQUAKE ARE: 1) The US Geological Survey, 2) The California Geological Survey, and 3) the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute