Ecology: The Study of Ecosystems Mrs. Hart Biology

What is an Ecosystem? An ecosystem includes all the living and non-living things in a given area An ecosystem includes all the living and non-living things in a given area Biotic Factors: Living Things Biotic Factors: Living Things Ex: Ex: Abiotic Factors: Non-Living Things Abiotic Factors: Non-Living Things Ex: Ex:

How does the ecosystem get energy?

Autotrophs Living things that can make their own food Living things that can make their own food Green Plants that have “chlorophyll” are able to convert the sun’s energy to chemical energy (food) Green Plants that have “chlorophyll” are able to convert the sun’s energy to chemical energy (food) This process is called photosynthesis This process is called photosynthesis Autotrophs are also known as “Producers” because they produce the energy for the ecosystem Autotrophs are also known as “Producers” because they produce the energy for the ecosystem

How do the rest of us get energy?

We’ve got to EAT!!! Heterotrophs: Living things that are NOT able to make their own energy; we must eat other living things for energy Heterotrophs: Living things that are NOT able to make their own energy; we must eat other living things for energy Heterotrophs are also known as “Consumers” because they consume other living things for energy Heterotrophs are also known as “Consumers” because they consume other living things for energy But what kind of living things do we eat??? But what kind of living things do we eat???

Herbivores Eat only plants!!! Eat only plants!!!

Carnivores Eat only meat Eat only meat

Omnivores Eat both plant and animal material Eat both plant and animal material

Is there another type of feeder? Decomposers: Live off of dead living things and wastes Decomposers: Live off of dead living things and wastes

Scavengers Consumers that eat animals that are already dead Consumers that eat animals that are already dead

How can we organize the different types of feeders? Food chain- A diagram of what eats what Food chain- A diagram of what eats what Trophic Levels- A name for the feeding levels within a food chain Trophic Levels- A name for the feeding levels within a food chain Producers, Primary Consumers, Secondary Consumers, Tertiary Consumers, Decomposers Producers, Primary Consumers, Secondary Consumers, Tertiary Consumers, Decomposers

Food Webs Many interconnected food chains within an ecosystem Many interconnected food chains within an ecosystem Can be very complicated Can be very complicated

Quick Quiz: 1. What only eats plants? 2. Who always starts the food chain? 3. Who eats plants AND animals? 4. Who only eats animals? 5. How is a Food Web different from a Food Chain?

Quick Quiz, cont. 6. Who eats EVERYBODY when they’re dead? 7. What do we call producers (like plants) who make their own food? 8. What is the other name for consumers? 9. What is the name for living things in the environment? 10. What is the name for non-living things in the environment?

Matter is recycled How is matter recycled? It moves from the producers, to the consumers, through the food web Then it is broken down by decomposers Then it is taken up as nutrients by producers What is recycled? Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur Many more!!!!!!!

What about energy??? Energy moves through the food chain, from producers to consumers to decomposers Energy moves through the food chain, from producers to consumers to decomposers Where does the energy come from??? Where does the energy come from??? Is energy recycled? Is energy recycled? What is the “Law of Conservation of Energy” aka “The First Law of Thermodynamics”…… What is the “Law of Conservation of Energy” aka “The First Law of Thermodynamics”……

Energy Cannot be Created or Destroyed!!!

However, Energy is NOT recycled… However, Energy is NOT recycled… Answer: it is changed from one form to another.

Where does the energy go? Most of the energy at each trophic level is used by the living things to conduct their metabolism, in hunting/killing/consuming food, and in other life activities Most of the energy at each trophic level is used by the living things to conduct their metabolism, in hunting/killing/consuming food, and in other life activities Not all living material is consumed, ex: bones, bark, etc. These parts will be decomposed Not all living material is consumed, ex: bones, bark, etc. These parts will be decomposed So where does this energy go? So where does this energy go?

The Law of 10% At each trophic level, 90% of the available energy is used, with most of it being “lost” as heat to the atmosphere. At each trophic level, 90% of the available energy is used, with most of it being “lost” as heat to the atmosphere. Only 10% of the energy at each level is available to the next trophic level Only 10% of the energy at each level is available to the next trophic level So if a producer has 10,000 Calories (or kilocalories) of energy, how much energy would each level after that have? So if a producer has 10,000 Calories (or kilocalories) of energy, how much energy would each level after that have?

Energy Pyramid

Energy Can also be measured in Joules (J)

What does this mean for higher level consumers? There’s less energy That means there are lower numbers of higher level consumers, and higher levels of producers and lower level consumers What will happen to an ecosystem if all of the producers are killed? (Think deforestation, forest fire, drought, etc)

Symbiosis Living together Living together -Two different species

Parasitism Not symbiotic Not symbiotic Causes harm to host Causes harm to host A tapeworm in a A tapeworm in a person or animal intestines

Mutualism Both organisms derive mutual benefit Both organisms derive mutual benefit tickbirds and rhinos

Commensalism Only one member benefits The other member: no benefit/ no harm The other member: no benefit/ no harm Whale and barnacles Whale and barnacles Barnacle: gets place to live/feed. Whale: no harm/no benefit