French and Indian War 1754-1763 As a result of debts accrued during the French and Indian War, England gradually ended their policy of salutary neglect toward the colonies, eventually leading to the American Revolution. Focus Question: What effect did the French and Indian War have on the colonies?

Background of the War - 1750 Population increase leads to expansion Disputed territory between colonial America, colonial France, and Native Americans Spill over of European conflict

French POV Trade is everything Trade with the American Indians is the basis of France's North American economy, and they think British trade and settlements are encroaching on this. In order to protect the Ohio Valley for trade, the French build forts in the valley to try to expel British traders.

British POV Land is opportunity The British colonies in America are growing fast, and to them, land means wealth and opportunity. British settlers want to settle the Ohio Valley, and seek more farmland in addition to lucrative trade with the Indians.

Indian POV A lifestyle to protect The American Indians had a strong trading relationship with the French, and also traded with the British. In addition to wanting to maintain their way of life in the Ohio Valley, the Indians had become dependent on European goods like weapons, rum, metal tools and cloth, and needed to protect their trade relationships.

The Albany Plan of Union - 1754 Proposed by Ben Franklin Attempt to unite the colonies under one gov’t, primarily for defense purposes– called for unity in the face of the coming war with France Also included 6 Iroquois Nations– sort of modeled after Iroquois Confederacy Plan never accepted

The Grand Council would: The Albany Plan of Union called for a Grand Council with representatives from each colony. The Grand Council would: - make laws - raise taxes - defend the colonies None of the colonies approved the plan out of fear of losing power. * The Albany Plan of Union set an example that would later be followed by such gatherings as the First and Second Continental Congress.

1754 – Conflict Begins VA governor sends George Washington to warn French about settling Ohio Valley French ignore warning Washington attempts to force French out but fails miserably Humiliating for Brits Key Cause: Britain began to compete with France over the fur trade in the Ohio Valley

1756 – Seven Years War The British declare war in colonies. Becomes part of a series of conflicts known as the Seven Years War Colonists hesitant to fight Feel risk outweighs benefits 1758 – William Pitt Sec of State then P.M. Promises colonists compensation for cooperation

French and Indian War: Alliances Alliance - a formal agreement by two or more nations to act together in a cause • Great Britain (with their colonists) and the Iroquois • France, Spain (1762), Algonquins, and Hurons versus

Where does most of the fighting take place?

The Death of General Wolfe by Benjamin West, 1770 What do you notice about who is present? The Death of General Wolfe by Benjamin West, 1770

Thanks to Pitt’s promise, war shifts in British Favor 1763 – Treaty of Paris Thanks to Pitt’s promise, war shifts in British Favor Take several forts around Great Lakes and in Canada

French and Indian War: Effects The Treaty of Paris was signed in 1763, ending the war. The Treaty of Paris • Britain gained Canada and all of the French land east of the Mississippi River. Spain gained all of the French land west of the Mississippi River, but gave up Florida to Britain France gave up most of Canada and Ohio Valley Area to British

**Effects of War** 1. British Debt 2. Natives lose French allies 3. Increased tension b/w British and Natives

Pontiac's Rebellion (1763-1766) This unrest culminated in a rebellion by Pontiac, a Native American leader who united various tribes with the goal of expelling the British. Massacres and atrocities occurred on both sides— most notably, British General Jeffrey Amherst gave the Native Americans blankets infested with smallpox.

Chief Pontiac: Address to Ottawa, Huron, and Pottawatomie Indians (May 5, 1763) “It is important … that we exterminate from our lands this nation which seeks only to destroy us. You see as well as I do that we can no longer supply our needs, as we have done from our brothers, the French. The English sells us goods twice as dear as the French do, and their goods do not last. … When I go to see the English commander and say to him that some of our comrades are dead, instead of bewailing their death, as our French brothers do, he laughs at me and at you. If I ask for anything for our sick, he refuses with the reply that he has no use for us. … Are we not men like them? … What do we fear? It is time.”

The Royal Proclamation of 1763 Violent incidents such as Pontiac's Rebellion prompted the English crown to attempt to mandate an end to encroachments on territory promised to the Indians. Settlers were not to move or settle west of the “Proclamation Line.” The effort was unsuccessful and is viewed by many to be a leading cause of the Revolutionary War.

British Regulation of the Colonies Before and After the French & Indian War Before the French & Indian War After the French & Indian War Mercantilism: Britain was very strict on colonies- especially by regulating who the colonies could trade with. They relaxed this as the war between Britain and France was looming (wanted to make colonists happy to keep them on the British side) Salutary Neglect: Britain’s unofficial policy throughout the late 1600s and early 1700s- Relaxed enforcement of strict regulations on the colonies Britain was in debt (even though they won, the Seven Years War was expensive) Britain also felt the need to tighten controls on their empire Began taxing the colonies and imposing strict regulations once again!

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