NATIONALISM IN EUROPE CHAPTER 24, PG

ITALIAN UNIFICATION Fall of the Roman Empire: Italian Peninsula no longer unified Most people spoke the same language Peninsula was divided into several states States were competing Each state had their own government Napoleon’s unification did not last Congress of Vienna split Italian States Nationalism is on a rise in Europe

ITALIAN UNIFICATION Prince Matternich of Austria : Wanted to maintain old Europe’s relationships Realized after 15 years that it would not work “the old Europe is nearing its end”  Nationalism grows in Europe  Congress of Vienna created:  Political boundaries, ignoring national groups  Groups under large Empires (some included different ethnic groups) Giuseppe Mazzini : the “heart” o Young Italy- Nationalists group o Exiled, smuggled patriotic pamphlets into Italy o Wanted the lines set by the Congress of Vienna (in 1815) to be redrawn o Sparked Italian unification

ITALIAN UNIFICATION Nationalist’s Influences: Led many rebellions Citizens in Italian states rebelled against Austrian rule. State of Piedmont declared war against Austria Rome is seized Sardinia had a successful revolt. Rulers granted new constitution Sardinia remained independent

ITALIAN UNIFICATION Camillo di Cavour: the “brain” Believed the Italian unification movement would be successful Founded nationalist newspaper, Il Risorgimento Became Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Sardinia Believed in a strong economy and monarchy Supported France in a war with Russia, France helped with their war against Austria  by 1860 northern Italy was liberated “Nationalism has become general; it grows daily; and it has already grown strong enough to keep all parts of Italy united despite the differences that distinguish them.”

ITALIAN UNIFICATION Giuseppe Garibaldi: the “sword”  Joined Young Italy in 1833 (Mazzini’s movement)  Forced to flee Italy twice, learned guerilla warfare in South America  Returned for good in 1854  5 years later approached by Cavour to lead part of the Army  Had a group of followers called the Red Shirts  Their uniforms were colorful  Gained control of Sicily by July 1860  Conquered Naples  Red Shirts now control the southern part of the Italian peninsula.

ITALIAN UNIFICATION Italy United! King Victor Emmanuel:  Was from Sardinia  Was given the Kingdom of Two Sicilies by Garibaldi Territories throughout Italy held elections, all agreed to unification 1866: Austria and Prussia go to war --Italians side with Prussians, defeat Austria, Prussia gives Venetia to Italy 1870: France and Prussia go to war --France withdraws troops from Rome, Italy enters Rome