WORLD TRIBOLOGY CONGRESS 2009, September 6 th to 11th, 2009 —Kyoto, Japan Triboemission and X-rays Thomas Prevenslik Discovery Bay, Hong Kong, China 1

WORLD TRIBOLOGY CONGRESS 2009, September 6 th to 11th, 2009 —Kyoto, Japan Background In 1930, Obreimoff found mica split in a high vacuum emitted radiation similar to an x-ray tube. Harvey in 1939 observed visible light upon peeling Scotch tape, although x-rays were not reported. Dickenson et al. in 1988 reported visible light in peeling tape. Miura et al, connected light emission to fracture of adhesive filaments in In 2009, UCLA researchers measured x-rays produced upon peeling Scotch tape in a vacuum. 2

WORLD TRIBOLOGY CONGRESS 2009, September 6 th to 11th, 2009 —Kyoto, Japan UCLA Experiment 3

WORLD TRIBOLOGY CONGRESS 2009, September 6 th to 11th, 2009 —Kyoto, Japan X-ray of Finger 4

WORLD TRIBOLOGY CONGRESS 2009, September 6 th to 11th, 2009 —Kyoto, Japan Adhesive Filament Fracture 5 NPs

WORLD TRIBOLOGY CONGRESS 2009, September 6 th to 11th, 2009 —Kyoto, Japan Mechanism Long standing tribology theory suggests abrupt separation produces positive charge on one side and negative charge on the other? Electrons torn off? Einstein showed electromagnetic and not mechanical energy removes electrons from atoms. Electrons are more tightly bound to atoms than atoms are bound to each other. Tearing atoms from Scotch tape can only produce neutral atom clusters. 6

WORLD TRIBOLOGY CONGRESS 2009, September 6 th to 11th, 2009 —Kyoto, Japan Hypothesis The x-rays first observed about 80 years ago cannot be reconciled unless clusters of atoms form by tearing somehow produce EM radiation that by the photoelectric effect charges the tape to produce high voltage that upon breakdown generates the observed x-rays. EM = Electromagnetic 7 Neutral

WORLD TRIBOLOGY CONGRESS 2009, September 6 th to 11th, 2009 —Kyoto, Japan Purpose 8 Show the source of charge produced in peeling Scotch tape is thermal kT energy in NPs raised to VUV levels by QED the charge produced by the photoelectric effect. NPs = Nanoparticles VUV = Vacuum Ultraviolet QED = Quantum Electro Dynamics

WORLD TRIBOLOGY CONGRESS 2009, September 6 th to 11th, 2009 —Kyoto, Japan QED induced EM radiation Classically, heat is conserved by an increase in temperature. But at the nanoscale, QM forbids heat to be conserved by an increase in temperature because specific heat vanishes. QM = Quantum Mechanics QED allows heat to be conserved at the nanoscale by the emission of nonthermal EM radiation 9

WORLD TRIBOLOGY CONGRESS 2009, September 6 th to 11th, 2009 —Kyoto, Japan QM Restrictions QED induces the creation of photons of wavelength by supplying EM energy to a box with walls separated upon /2. For a spherical NP of diameter D having refractive index n r > 1: 10 QM restricts the heat content of atoms depending on both temperature and EM confinement as given by the Einstein-Hopf relation

WORLD TRIBOLOGY CONGRESS 2009, September 6 th to 11th, 2009 —Kyoto, Japan Einstein-Hopf Relation NPs eV 11

WORLD TRIBOLOGY CONGRESS 2009, September 6 th to 11th, 2009 —Kyoto, Japan QED radiation in NPs Specific Heat Vanishes No Temperature change VUV Emission = 2Dn r Joule Heat Laser/Solar/Supernova Photons Molecular Collisions Residual Thermal kT Energy NP 12

WORLD TRIBOLOGY CONGRESS 2009, September 6 th to 11th, 2009 —Kyoto, Japan X-rays in Triboluminescence 13

WORLD TRIBOLOGY CONGRESS 2009, September 6 th to 11th, 2009 —Kyoto, Japan NP Charge Total kT Energy Charge For D ~ 100 nm and n r < 2, E P ~ 5 eV  Y < U ~ 240 fJ / NP q ~ 4.8 fC / NP

WORLD TRIBOLOGY CONGRESS 2009, September 6 th to 11th, 2009 —Kyoto, Japan Voltage and Field Voltage Field 15 Breakdown field in vacuum ~ 10 8 V/m G = 300 microns, V = volts N NP ~ 200,000 Gecko needs 10 million NPs / cm 2 ?

WORLD TRIBOLOGY CONGRESS 2009, September 6 th to 11th, 2009 —Kyoto, Japan Gap, Voltage, and Number of NPs 16

WORLD TRIBOLOGY CONGRESS 2009, September 6 th to 11th, 2009 —Kyoto, Japan Conclusions X-rays from peeling Scotch tape are a consequence of VUV radiation induced by QED in NPs that form at the instant the filaments of adhesive fracture The VUV produces charge by the photoelectric effect Charge accumulates to increase the gap voltage Breakdown accelerates electrons to high velocities X-rays are produced upon collision by bremstraahlung. 17

WORLD TRIBOLOGY CONGRESS 2009, September 6 th to 11th, 2009 —Kyoto, Japan Extensions Expanding Universe Redshift in NPs means Universe is not expanding and dark energy does not exist. NP induced DNA damage Solute collisions with NPs initiate Cancer from steady VUV induced DNA damage Gecko walking on walls and ceilings Spatulae under index of refraction EM confinement produce electrostatic attraction Casimir force EM confinement of BB thermal radiation in gap produces attractive force Thermophones Joule heat does not produce sound by a change in thin film temperature 18

WORLD TRIBOLOGY CONGRESS 2009, September 6 th to 11th, 2009 —Kyoto, Japan Questions & Papers This talk from paper “Scotch Tape and X-rays” 19