Infancy and Toddlerhood (Birth to 3 years) By Ashley, Brendan, Billy

Physical Development (0-4 weeks) “Proceeds from head to foot and central part to extremities.” “Sucks reflexively.” “Visually tracks to midline.” “Lifts head when held upright.”

Physical Development (3-4 Months) They begin to lift head for a little and then start to move from stomach to behind. Start to pull themselves up to sit without their head getting in the way. “Grasps rattle.”

Physical Development (5-6 Months) Starts to reach for and grab objects. Starts to inspect things using their hands, mouth and eyes. To see what it is. Identifying.

Physical Development (6-9 Months) “Creeps” “Sits without support” “Pulls to stand to cruise furniture” Fine motor skills Gross motor skills Fine motor skills: transfer objects hand to hand, bang with spoon, finger feeds part of meal, shakes bell.

Physical Development (9-12 Months) “Crawls on all fours” “Attains sitting position unaided” “Stands momentarily” “Takes first steps” Fine motor skills Gross motor skills Gross motor skills : when babies start to move by way of crawling, sliding on the floor, stand for a while but fall back down, start to actually walk.

Physical Development (12-15 Months) Self Help: * “Feeds themselves with fingers.” * “Starts to remove hat, shoes, and socks.” * Starts to drool.

Physical Development (12-18 Months) More Gross Motor Skills: “They begin to walk alone.” “Begin to stoop and then goes to stand up again.” Starts to climb on furniture and walk up stairs with assistance.

Physical Development (12-18 Months) continued… “Start to build things with blocks.” “Starts to scribble or follow by imitation.” “Starts to be able to hold a cup.” “Starts to put thing in bottle.” “Starts to flip through a book but multiple pages at a time.” “Starts to be able to hold a spoon.”

Physical Development (15-18 Months) “Chews most food well.” “Opens closed doors.” “Holds cup and drinks with some spilling.” “Imitates housework.” “Brings objects that they know on command.”

Physical Development (18-24 Months) “Runs stiffly” “Pushes and pulls large objects” “Carries large teddy bear while walking” “Comes downstairs on bottom or abdomen” “Seats themselves in small chair” More Fine Motor skills Fine motor skills: building towers with 4-6 cubes now, trying to fold paper imitatively, wiggles thumb, places ring on spindle toy, turns pages singly, turns knobs (television). Self-Help: helps dress and undress themselves, may start telling parent in a way they have a wet or soiled diaper, pulls people to show them stuff, asks for food and drink by vocalizing and gesturing, uses spoon with little spilling, put some things back where they belong.

Physical Development (24-30 Months) Gross Motor Skills “Jumps in place” “Walks on tiptoe” “Walks up and down steps, both feet on each step” “Walks backward” “Runs headlong”

Physical Development (24-30 Months) Fine Motor Skills “Holds pencil with thumb and forefingers” “Zips and unzips” “Builds towers out of blocks with 6-8 blocks”

Physical Development (24-30 Months) Self-Help Skills “Learning to use buttons, zippers, and buckles” “Pull on socks” “Pull on pants and shorts” “Drinks from a cup without spilling” “Helps put things away” Toilet training in progress”

Physical Development (30-36 Months) Gross Motor Skills “Completes a 3 piece form board”

Physical Development (30-36 Months) Fine Motor Skills “ Can zip and unzip”

Physical Development (30-36 Months) Self-Help Skills “Toilet training in progress” “Dresses with supervision” “Eats with fork and spoon” “Pours from one container to another” “Gets drink unassisted” “Avoids simple hazards”

Physical Development (3 years old) Gross Motor Skills “Gallops” “Balances on one foot” “Catches large ball, arm flexed” “Hops on one foot 3 times” “Turn and does somersaults” Shows a lack of coordination Balances for 1-5 second (they are starting to get more of a sense of their balance Lack of coordination: they stumble and fall tripping

Physical Development (3 years old) Fine Motor Skills “Copies Circles” “Imitates cross” “Builds with Legos” “Builds a tower out of 10 blocks” “Randomly start to draw” “Handedness can change now” “Imitates snipping with scissors” Handedness may shift: that now is when they can change from a right handed to a left and vice versa. Imitates snipping with scissors: they start to use hands and pretend like they are scissors.

Cognitive Development 0-4 Weeks Smiles randomly when hears mother voice. Often makes tight fists

Cognitive Development (3-6 Months) Able to grasp and hold things with their hands Interested in their surroundings and activities around Laughs and smile a lot with delight

Cognitive Development (6-9 Months) Smiles and know their own mirror image “Says mama, dada” “Shakes head no” Respond to name by eye contact and smile

Cognitive Development (9-12 Months) Knows the voice of their favorite people Knows how to say “bye bye” and waves hand “Repeats performances that are laughed at” Plays peek-a-boo Knows how to clap their hands

Cognitive Development (12-15 Months) Jabbers expressively “Understand the word “No” “Says 2-3 words other than mama and dada”

Cognitive development (15-18 Months) Knows how to say the word “No” “Has a vocabulary of 10-15 words” “Points and vocalizes to indicate what he wants.” Points to pictures in books

Cognitive Development (18-24 months) Knows how to identify at least one body part Has a vocabulary of 20 words mostly nouns Understand the difference between yours and mine. Enjoys simple stories Speaks in two word sentences (Ex; My juice)

Cognitive Development (24-30 Months) Often responds when called by first name Speaks 50 or more words Uses 3-4 word sentences “Understands and ask for another” Points to 4 body parts

Cognitive Development (30-36 Months) Knows when in the need of toilet use “Increases use of verbs” Gives full name when asked Asks,” What's That” “Begins using adjectives”

Cognitive Development (3 Years Old) Identifies 2-3 colors Listen to simple directions Answer yes or no questions Sings nursery rhymes Completes 6-piece puzzle Tell age using fingers Able to count to 5 Ask may questions

Psychosocial Development (0-8 Weeks) The infant gazes at faces (birth). “Smiles responsively”. “The infant uses vocalization to interact socially”. Erik Erikson’s theory suggests that children develop a sense of trust when caregivers provide reliability, care, and affection a lack of this will lead to mistrust.

Psychosocial Developmental (3-4 Months) “Distinguishes primary caregivers from others and will react if removed from home”. Automatically smiles at people. “Plays alone with contentment”.

Psychosocial Development (6-9 Months) Always discriminates strangers (e.g., frowns, stares, cries). “Stranger/separation anxiety begins”. “Actively seeks adult attention; wants to be picked up and held”. “Plays peekaboo”. “Rarely lies down except to sleep”. “Pats own mirror image”.

Psychosocial Development (6-9 Months)…. “Chews and bites on toys”. “Begins to respond to own name.”

Psychosocial Development (9-12 Months) “Social with family, shy with strangers. “Begins to show sense of humor”. “Becomes aware of emotions of others”.

Psychosocial Development (12-15 Months) “Shows strong dependence on primary caregiver with increasing difficulty separating”. “Shows difficulty quieting and relaxing into sleep”. “Wants to have caregiver nearby all the time”. “Gives toy to adult on request”. “Shows sense “of me” and “mine”.

Psychosocial Development (15-18 Months) “Begins to distinguish “you “ and “me”. “Imitates adult activities”. “Interested in strangers, but wary”. “Does not respond well to sharp discipline”. “Does not respond to verbal persuasion and scolding”. “Expressed autonomy through defiance”. “Plays alone or beside other children”. “Strongly claims “mine”.

Psychosocial Development (15-18 Months)…. “Follows simple requests”.

Psychosocial Development (18-24 Months) “Moves about house without constant supervision”. “Plays primarily alongside children but not with them”. “Has temper tantrums in situations of frustrations”. “Is conscious of family as a group”. “Enjoys role playing”.

Psychosocial Development (18-24 Months)…. “Mimics real-life situations during play”. “claims and defends ownership of own things”. “Begins to call self by name”. “Discriminates between edible and inedible substances”.

Psychosocial Development (24-30 Months) “Initiates own play activities”. “Want routines “just so”. “Does not like change in routine”. “Cannot wait or delay gratification”. “Does not share”. “Knows identity in terms of sex and place in the family”. “Observes other children at play and joins in for a few minutes”.

Psychosocial Development (30-36 Months) “Begins playing “with”, as opposed to “next to”, others”. “Names or points to self in photos”. “Joins in nursery rhymes and songs”. “Likes praise”. “Dawdles”. “Has auditory fears (noises)”. “Shows sympathy, pity, modesty, and shame”.

Psychosocial Development (3 years old) “Is ready to conform to spoken word”. “Begins to take turns”. “Plays simple group games”. “Toilets self during the day”. “Shows fear (visual fears, heights, loss of parents nightmares)”. “Use language to resist”. “Is able to bargain with adults”. “Tries to please”.

Psychosocial Development (3 years old) “May have imaginary playmates”. “Plays most often with as opposed to “next to”, others. “Shares upon request”.

Piaget’s Developmental Theories on Sensorimotor Intelligence Babies organize their physical action schemes, such as sucking, grasping, and hitting, for dealing with the immediate world. Sensorimotor intelligence: is from the ages of birth to 2 years old

Piaget’s Developmental Theories on Preoperational Thought Children learn to think-to use symbols and internal images-but their thinking is unsystematic and illogical. It is very different from that of adults. Preoperational Thought: is from the ages of 2 years old to 7 years old.

“Psychosexual Stages” “Oral Stage (birth – 1 year)” “Mouth = pleasure” “Premature weaning could lead to problems in personality development” “An “oral” person: “ “Might eat too much, chew gum constantly, chew on pens” “Achieves satisfaction denied to them early through their mouth (oral fixation)”

“Psychosexual Stages” “Anal Stage (1 – 3 years)” “Anus is associated with pleasure” “Literally: unwilling to part with your own feces” “Toilet training can lead to fixation if not handled properly” “Anal retentive behaviors” “Clean, compulsive, stingy” Little kids who play with their diapers or smear their poo on the walls? Anal stage Ever called someone anal retentive? Ever known someone to be VERY PARTICULAR about their space, their stuff, etc? Anal retentive

Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Developmental Stage And Theory Erik Erikson’s theory suggests that children develop a sense of trust when caregivers provide reliability, care, and affection a lack of this will lead to mistrust. There are eight psychosocial stages that humans develop throughout their life. Trust vs Mistrust is a stage that occurs approximately from birth to 1 year. When an infant is hungry and he/she gets fed and comforted when he needs comforting then that infant will develop trust. Erik Erikson also said that some mistrust is necessary to learn to discriminate between dishonest and honest people. If mistrust wins over trust in this stage, the child will be frustrated, withdrawn, suspicious, and will lack self confidence.