Animal Behavior Chp 33 Pp. 858-879

Table of Contents 33.1 Innate Behavior 33.2 Learned Behavior

33.1 Innate Behavior Behavior is anything an animal does in response to a stimulus. A stimulus is an environmental change that directly influences the activity of an organism

33.1 Innate Behavior Animals carry on behaviors with adaptive value: Getting food Avoiding predators Caring for young Finding shelter Attracting mates Enable reproduction & survival of species

33.1 Innate Behavior Inherited Behavior Natural selection favors certain behaviors. To capture prey, toads detect & follow movement. The tongue flipping out is a fixed action pattern.

33.1 Innate Behavior Genes form the basis for innate behavior. Hormonal balance Nervous system Sense organs for sight, touch, sound odor ID Affect how sensitive organisms are to stimuli

33.1 Innate Behavior Automatic responses Fixed Action Patterns Reflexes Involves no conscious control Fight or flight response controlled by hormones & nervous system Fixed Action Patterns Instincts

33.1 Innate Behavior Fixed Action Patterns Instincts Quick automatic response Instincts Complex pattern of innate behavior Animal recognizes stimulus & continues until all parts of behavior are accomplished

33.1 Innate Behavior Instincts Courtship Behavior Bowerbirds create displays to attract mates Bowerbird Display video

33.1 Innate Behavior Fireflies flash distinctive light patterns that are species specific.

33.1 Innate Behavior Territoriality reduces competition. A territory is a physical space an animal defends against others of its species. Breeding area Feeding area Potential mates Male Siberian Tigers

33.1 Innate Behavior Mark territories with pheromones Attack & drive intruders away Improves survival of young and of the species Lion performing scuffing ceremony.

33.1 Innate Behavior Aggressive behavior threatens other animals Used to intimidate others of same species To defend young, territory or resource

33.1 Innate Behavior Submission leads to dominance hierarchies Form of social ranking within a group in which some are subordinate or dominant to others Hierarchy innate but position may be learned Wolves with female dominance hierarchy

33.1 Innate Behavior Behavior resulting from internal & external cues Biological or circadian rhythms, day/night sleep cycle Seasonal cycle Migration- instinctive seasonal movement Hibernation Estivation Migrating caribou

33.1 Innate Behavior Hibernation Estivation State in which body temp drops, oxygen consumption & breathing rate drops Conserves energy Estivation Reduced metabolism for living in extreme heat or to drought or lack of food

33.2 Learned Behavior When behavior changes due to practice or experience Allows animals to adapt to change Especially important to those with longer life spans Black bears have learned to choose minivans as targets for raiding food! (Nat. Geo)

33.2 Learned Behavior Habituation An animal becomes habituated when it no longer responds to a stimulus. The gorillas shown here are habituated to the presence of humans.

33.2 Learned Behavior Imprinting Form of learning that occurs at a specific critical time forming a social attachment to an object or individual Birds imprint within a day or two of hatching Usually irreversible CA condor w/ puppet

33.2 Learned Behavior By trial & error Animal receives a reward for making a particular response Motivation is internal need that causes an animal to act; necessary for learning to take place Usually involves satisfying a need

33.2 Learned Behavior Classical conditioning- learning by association Pavlov noted that dogs salivate at smell of food By ringing a bell when presenting food he established association Eventually sound of bell resulted in dog salivating Conditioned response Ivan Pavlov

33.2 Learned Behavior Insight- most complex kind of learning Animal uses previous experience to respond to new situation Ex. Solving math problems Sea Otter

33.2 Learned Behavior Communication- exchange of info resulting in a change of behavior

33.2 Learned Behavior Communicate by sound Vibrate in all directions Warnings, invitations, location, species even gender Wolf Howling

33.2 Learned Behavior Signal by odors- Ant odor trails Moth pheromones Scent-marked territory

33.2 Learned Behavior Some communication is both innate & learned. Songbirds have the innate ability to sing; however, they learn their regional dialect. Goldfinch Song

33.2 Learned Behavior Language uses symbols to represent ideas. Requires complex nervous system, memory and insight. Humans can benefit from using knowledge gained by others.