Chapter 17 Notes and Discussion

The Age of Exploration Led by Portugal and Spain 1400-1750

Exploration…Why Now? Six Major Reasons The Renaissance Spirit An increasing competition among European monarchs to be the “super nation”

3. Riches in Spices, Silk and Porcelain 4. Europeans wanted to find direct access to Asia & India Cut out Muslim & Italian middlemen Need to bypass Mediterranean

5. New Navigation Technology An astrolabe 5. New Navigation Technology Better Maps -More durable maps made of sheep skin 2. The compass made it to Europe by the 1200s, from where? 3. The astrolabe measured latitude using angles of sun and stars on the horizon; not accurate in rough seas The compass came from China

The Caravel Developed by the Portuguese but a combination of Arab and European sail design. -Triangle-shaped sails enabled ships to sail against wind. -Multiple masts (upright pole)increased speed.

The Ultimate Reasons to Explore…. 6 The Ultimate Reasons to Explore…. 6. The Three G’s (political) Glory (economic) Gold (religious) God The conquistadors, or the conquerors emerge for all three reasons.

Who’s Land Was It? 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas Spain to control west territories; Portugal to control east territories.9 (Europe not included)

Portuguese Explorations: Trading Empire

Prince Henry the Navigator Devoted his life to promoting and financing exploration His greatest contributions 1418 started the first school for oceanic navigation Sailors were trained in navigation, map-making, and astronomy Diaz and da Gama

Bartholomeu Dias 1487 First to reach the southern tip of Africa Discovered the Cape of Good Hope.

Vasco da Gama In 1497 led four ships on an expedition to India. First to sail around Africa and reach India

Sailed from Portugal to Calicut, India

Describe the interactions of Portuguese with West African and East African people in 1550 West African Kingdoms The existence and continued operations of the Portuguese could be halted if Africans so desired Christianity Some African kingdoms rejected missionaries and Christianity, while others embraced them (Ethiopia) East Africa Muslims controlled most of the trading ports except Malindi and Ethiopia so they were received with cool reception resulting in trade as well as conflicts ( Portugal eventually took control of many ports along the Swahili coast)

Portugal dominates the Indian Ocean trade in the 16th century Looked towards Indian Ocean trade Portuguese power was ocean-based and exerted very little control on land. Thus, the maritime trading cities and empires of the Indian Ocean were much more vulnerable Controlling many of the key trading ports in the Swahili coast, India, and Macao (China) brought considerable profit

Spanish Explorations Land Based Empire

Spain : Land Based Empire Why? Spain and Portugal had similar motives and identical ships and weapons What happened? Isolation of the Americans made the motives different American lands much were easier to dominate than Asian and African lands Resorted to conquest and plunger rather than trade

Christopher Columbus: Born in Genoa, Italy In 1492, Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand financed an expedition for Columbus to find a new route to India heading west. Their reason: the “Three G’s” Carried a letter to the Grand Khan (Chinese emperor)

First Circumnavigator of the Globe Ferdinand Magellan Sponsored by Spain in 1519, the Portuguese explorer set out to find a western route to India Charted a narrow waterway named Strait of Magellan which enabled sailors to cross the Pacific Ocean. 1521 died in the Philippines 18 sailors complete the mission back to Spain

English Explorers John Cabot - 1497 Sent by King Henry VII His discovery gives England the claim to most of Eastern North America!

Financed by the Dutch

COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE… WHAT IS IT?

The Eve of Destruction In 1492 anthropologists estimate there were about 75 million Native Americans in the Western Hemisphere; 25 million in Mexico By 1650 there are less than 10 million in the hemisphere; 1 million in Mexico! What happened?

Cortes Treated as a God… Arrived in 1519 with 11 ships, 500+ men and a few cannons Taught to be the arrival of the great god Quetzalcoatl 8 months of peace Cortes formed an alliance with those enslaved tribes who hate their Aztec It took two years for Cortes to conqueror the empire.

A Map of Cortes’ travels across Mexico, 1519-1526

The Rest of the Story… Indians forced to work on Spanish farms and mines. Thousands died from over work, lack of food and disease; (small pox) forced to convert to Christianity

Conquest of Peru In 1531, Pizarro sailed from Panama city with about 180 men. The Spaniards find the Inca’s trying to recover from civil war. Had he come early he would have met a united empire. Pizzaro uses the Inca’s own roads to get to them. They have 14,000 miles of road!

Reasons for Victory… Superior military technologies: armor, steel swords, fire arms, cannons Division & Discontent among the Indians. Disease brought by the Europeans Spanish imposed forced labor and religious conversion to control their empire

global exploration of the Chinese and Muslims before 1450? Ming sponsored 7 imperial fleets (1405-1433) Mainly used to display Ming dominion and power Used over 60 large treasure ships 1433 the Chinese quickly abandoned maritime expansion in favor of their land-based empire Not very profitable Muslim the Muslims extended their reach from the Islamic Mediterranean to the Persian Gulf, Red Sea, and Indian Ocean. Traders shared a common ethic, language, and law Provided a demand for commodities