1. European Maritime Exploration

2. European Expansion,

3. Motives for Exploration
Why did Iberian kingdoms explore?
History of war with Muslims
Advanced ships and cannons
Why did northern Italy choose not to explore?
Adventagous personalities, trade, competition with Islam (mediterranean), curiosity, alliances between rulers and merchants; italy did not because they had alliance with muslims and gave them a monopoly on asian goods. Itailian ships were not sutable for rough waters in the atlantic

4. Portuguese Voyages Prince Henry “The Navigator”
Captured North African city of Ceuta
Sagres research institution of navigation
Improved instruments:
Improved vessels:
Caravel
Sagres- collect info on expeditions and africa; compass, astrolobe; lateen sails, cannon, small and shollow

5. New techniques Financing Northwest in Atlantic
Reached Cape Verde in 1444
Financing
Prince Henry’s Order of Christ
Profits in the 1440s
Slaves and gold
Blow back from wind (fast);

6. Bartolomeu Dias and Vasta da Gama
Fernao Gomes
Discovered Sao Tome
Explored Gold Coast
Bartolomeu Dias and Vasta da Gama
Rounded tip of Africa
Indian contact

7. Spanish Voyages Christopher Columbus Portugal refused funding. Why?
Spain agreed in ____.
Believed he was in Asia
Already established indian tade. 1492

8. Treaty of Tordesillas Ferdinand Magellan
Voyage across Pacific confirmed Portugal's claim to the Moluccas Islands and established the Spanish claim to the Philippines.
Divided north atlantic (spain and port);

9. Encounters With Europe, 1450-1550

10. Western Africa
15th century many African traded with the Portuguese. They exchanged ___ for ____.
Oba of Benin
By 1538 Benin closed its market
The Kongo relied more on the slave trade. Why?
King Afonso
Gold/ firearms, and other european goods. Interaction varied from place to place; established a monopoly on trade with portuguese, including slaves, christianity was accepted mildly; didn’t have much else to trade; pulled out of the slave trade, led to revolt

11. Eastern Africa Swahili Coast Ethiopia and Portugal Malindi 1505
Muslims
Religious loyalty
Malindi- Swahili maintained a decent relationship with port and were spared when they looted many other malini city states; they fought against muslims of adal. Relationship ended when ethiopia refused to become loyal to the pope;

12. Indian Ocean States Vasco da Gama arrives in Calicut 1498
Force
Captured Goa in 1510, Hormuz in 1515, Malacca in 1511, and Macao (China) 1557.
Ships and firepower overwhealmed Calicut;

13. Portuguese regulations: Reactions to the Portuguese aggression varied
Mughal v. Ottomans
The Portuguese never gained complete control of the Indian Ocean trade, but they did dominate it enough to bring considerable profit and break the _____ monopoly on pepper.
Portuguese ships only or portuguese passports and pay custom duties; mughal did nothing ottomans resisted and maintained control of the Red sea and persian gulf; italian

14. The Americas Spanish built territorial empire in the Americas. How?
Arawak (Hispanola)
Antillies
Christian control; like ______ of Spain.
Herman Cortes
Aztecs
Disease
Francisco Pizarro
disease
Disease; arawaks gold was taken, they had no iron; small pox; like muslims

15. Patterns of Dominance
Three factors contributed to Spain’s ability to establish a vast land empire in the Americas:
African and Asians were not conquered because:
1. Ameridians lack of resistance to disease 2. military technology 3. pattern of conquest, forced labor, and forced conversion
1. same disease 2. large population 3. more profit by exchanging in trading network rather than conquering