1. The Age of Exploration: 1400-1750

2. Exploration * Widespread use of new technological innovations opened the way for the expansion of European ideas and power *Marked the end of European isolation and the start of European domination into the 20 th century * In the 1500’s and 1600’s the monarchies of Europe sought to centralize power

3. A. Six Main Reasons for Exploration 1. The Renaissance Ideals a. Curiosity, desire for adventure, and fame b. If man could find the answers, could conquer anything 2. An increasing competition among European monarchs to become nation-states or “super nations” 3. Riches in Spices, Silk and Porcelain a. Pepper, cinnamon, & nutmeg -Used to preserve & flavor meat b. Perfumes, cosmetics & medicine -Taste for these came from the Crusades and the Silk Road

4. A. Six Main Reasons for Exploration (cont’d) 4. Europeans wanted to find direct access to Asia & India a. Believed there to be a Northwest Passage b. Cut out Muslim & Italian middlemen so need to bypass Mediterranean 5. New Navigational Technologies a. Better Maps -More accurate ancient Greek maps discovered -More durable maps made of sheep skin b. The compass made it to Europe by the 1200s from China via the Mid East c. The astrolabe measured latitude using angles of sun and stars on the horizon; not accurate in rough seas

5. A. Six Main Reasons for Exploration (cont’d) 6. The Three G’s a. Gold -New nation-states of England, France, Portugal & Spain desired empires -Needed money to pay for their expanding gov’t and standing armies b. God -Desire to spread Christianity and halt the spread of Islam -Race between Catholics & Protestants for souls -Spain took up the cause very early because of Queen Isabella of Spain

6. 6. The Three G’s (cont’d) c. Glory -Increases the power of the rising monarchs in Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands and England; all wanted be the super power of the era -A chance for a country and an individual to become great *The conquistadors, or the conquerors emerge for all three reasons

7. Explorer:Contribution: Portugal: a. Henry the NavigatorAzores, Madeira Islands and the Cape Verde Islands; School of Navigation b. Bartholomeu DiazSailed around southern Africa; discovered Cape of Good Hope c. Vasco da GamaSailed around southern Africa, along eastern coast to Calicut, India d. Pedro CabralSailed across Atlantic to follow eastern coast of South America Spain: a. Christopher ColumbusSailed across Atlantic to discover Caribbean Islands b. Ferdinand MagellanFirst circumnavigation; sailed west from Spain, around Cape Horn and Cape of Good Hope England: a. John CabotFirst European explorer to explore North America; gave England claim to east coast b. Sir Francis DrakeFirst Englishman to circumnavigate; privateer for England (pirate) Netherlands: a. Henry HudsonTraveled up the Hudson River, claiming all of the NY area and Hudson Bay for the Dutch France: a. Jacques CartierSailed along east coast of Canada, down St. Lawrence River, giving France claim to area Explorers:

8. Voyages of Exploration

9. B. Treaty of Tordesilles: 1. Portugal a. took the lead in finding routes and new lands 2. Why aren’t the people speaking mostly Portuguese in the Western Hemisphere? 3. Spain and Portugal wanted to protect their claims in the New World a.1492: Pope needed to step in (Spain and Pope had close ties) b. b. The Pope “drew” an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean from the North Pole to the South Pole called the Line of Demarcation (Treaty of Tordesillas ) c. Spain to control west territories; Portugal to control east territories

10. C. Spanish Conquest of the New World 1. Eve of Destruction a. In 1492 estimated there were 75 million Native Americans in the New World; 25 million in Mexico alone b. By 1650 there are less than 10 million in the hemisphere; 1 million in Mexico 2. Spanish destroyed most native peoples in the Caribbean within 25 years of their arrival a. Mostly due to epidemic diseases not native to the Americas -Small pox measles, and influenza (flu)

11. C. Spanish Conquest of the New World (cont’d) 3. Cortes in Mexico: The Aztecs a. Arrived in 1519 with 11 ships, about 500 men and a few cannons b. Spanish were technologically more advanced -cannons, armor, gunpowder, iron -horses 4. The Aztecs believed Cortez signified the arrival of the great Aztec god Quetzalcoatl a. did not want to turn him away b. so they welcomed the Spanish -festivals, gave gifts, etc.

12. C. Spanish Conquest of the New World (cont’d) 5. Cortez kidnaped Montezuma (Aztec emperor); wanted a large ransom for his return a. will only spare his life if paid b. the Aztecs pay the ransom -Cortez not only kills Motezuma, but slaughters the Aztecs as well. -sacks the city of Tenochtitlan (later Mexico City) 6. The Spanish forced the Indians to work on Spanish farms and in mines. a. Many of the Indians were forced to convert to Christianity a. created a mixture of Spanish and Indian cultures

13. Major Changes Result From New World Discoveries BiologicalPoliticalSocialEconomic