What are they??? How are they different???

THE MAIN DIFFERENCE Phrases DO NOT have a SUBJECT and a VERB!!! Clauses have BOTH a SUBJECT and a VERB.

Four Types of Phrases REMEMBER…NO SUBJECT AND VERB Prepositional Phrase Participle Phrase Infinitive Phrase Noun Phrase

#1: Prepositional Phrase = a preposition + a noun (and any modifiers) In the following example, the preposition is in red and the noun is in green (along with any modifiers): from the house during the movie behind a rockabout his messy room around the track near the field

#2: Participial Phrase A participle is a verb used as another part of speech. Participles are easy to recognize: they end in –ing or –ed. For example: running water, baked potato, loving husband, loaded weapon More examples: looking closely, staying up all night, studying English, working out

#3: Infinitive Phrase To + verb = Infinitive Phrase If you have ever studied a foreign language, you may remember that verbs are always studied with the infinitive first!!!

The Infinitive Form to love (the infinitive form) I love We love You loveYou love He/she/it They love loves

The Infinitive Phrase (cont’d) The infinitive phrases begin with the infinitive form of the verb. Examples To run a mile To start over To do homework all night To win the contest To wake up early

#4 Noun Phrases Adjective + Noun = Noun Phrase The tall building A smoky, crowded room Fussy, half-naked toddlers Nests of yellow and red striped snakes

—Don’t Mix These up!! It is fairly easy to identify the different types of phrases, except for those beginning with “to.” To run a mile (infinitive) To the football stadium (prepositional) To finish my homework (infinitive) To the teacher

Three Types of Clauses REMEMBER: HAVE BOTH A SUBJECT AND A VERB!!! Independent clauses Dependent clauses Relative clauses

Independent Clauses Have a subject and a verb and can stand alone. Another word for an independent clause is main clause or sentence. Examples The doctor finished the examination. Students leave the campus when class is over.

Dependent Clauses Dependent clauses have subjects and verbs but they cannot stand alone!!! Dependent clauses usually begin with subordinating conjunctions such as although, because, when, since, if, unless (etc.) Examples: Because I left early If we find my notebook

Dependent Clauses (cont.) Dependent clauses require a complete thought to make them complete!!! Written alone, dependent clauses create suspense for what is about to come…like a “cliffhanger” in a story… Because a rattlesnake has made a home under our bed…

Dependent Clauses (cont.) Because a rattlesnake has made a home under our bed… (dependent clause) We purchased coyote to live with us. (independent clause). Because a rattlesnake has made a home under our bed, we purchased coyote to live with us.

Examples of Dependent Clauses Although I spent three hours studying, Because the children had hidden the key, If students sign-up early, Unless the weather prevents travel, When everyone finished dinner, After the schedule is published, ( Note how each of these requires something to follow it!)

Relative Clauses Relative clauses are easy to recognize because they begin with who, which, or that. They are not questions, but are parts of sentences. Mike, who usually finishes first, was unable to out run me. Pasta, which is included in most diets, has a lot of carbohydrates. The toys that the dog chewed up must be thrown out!!

--DON’T MIX THESE UP! The words before and after can appear in either prepositional phrases or dependent clauses. Prepositional phrase: after the storm/before the alarm Dependent clause: after the storm ended/ before the alarm rang

Phrase Review Prepositional—above the clouds/near my house/along the shore Participial—leaving work early/sleeping until noon/celebrating the holidays/filled with liquid Infinitive—to walk the dog/to play the piano/to watch the television Noun—a blue glass/ fifty wild iguanas

Clause Review Independent Clause /Main Clause— (Sentence) Broccoli is my favorite food. Dependent Clause– Because broccoli is my favorite food (needs a thought to complete it!) Relative Clause—Broccoli, which is my favorite food, is tasty.

YOU DID IT!!!!!